Tuesday, September 15, 2015

Letter 19: Alessandra Strozzi On Death of Cosimo de' Medici: Sptember 15, 1464

In the summer of 1464 Cosimo de'Medici died. The ramifications would be felt across Italy and beyond. But in those days, for a family exiled by the Medicean powers, a family of Florence, when the enemy's patron died, the hopes for a return could be raised again. In a few deft sentences Alessandra Strozzi gave her son a brief but hopeful snapshot of the mood she sensed in the days after the death of such an important man.
"There's no doubt that this death has given many of the citizens some new ideas about how the land should be governed, but so far nothing much has been heard, partly because it's so recent and partly because Dietisalvi has been sick. I haven't heard anything except that they are expecting to enjoy themselves."

This letter is dated September 15, 1464 and Cosimo died on the first of August. According to our translator's notes, Dietisalvi's last name was Neroni and had previously been a supporter of Cosimo. In time he would lead an opposition against Cosimo's son Piero. Dietisalvi, our translator tells us, would be exiled in 1466. Gregory also notes, it was the opponents of Piero that were the ones 'enjoying themselves.'

The very next thing Alessandra Strozzi mentions in the letter to her son is her son's concerns.
"So far as your affairs are concerned and those of others in your position, it's not being discussed, so you've done the right thing not to write to anyone about it.. There was no need for me to stay in Florence on that account, because I would have been looking the plague in the face while a good twenty people were dying of it a day."
Alessandra's son Filippo was a banker working in Naples in competition to the Medici banking interests. To whatever degree Filippo was or was not involved in these things, this matter, of course was about politics and power as well. In Naples, in Florence, to competitors and supporters all this information would be worked over and every possible outcome and course of action needed to be discussed and held close. Until the right moment. Alessandra understood all this and thus her prudent advice.
But her admission that she was not in Florence with all this going on may show she was merely not in any loop of communication. It was common for the wealthy to retire in the summer heat to country homes and avoid the disease that could still ravage a city. The plague had many reoccurrences in these decades. It was also common to receive guests while being a guest at a friends' house. This is how Alessandra comes to conclude people weren't talking about these weighty issues in the late summer of 1464.
"If I'd heard the slightest hint of a discussion of this matter, but no one mentioned it. The citizens are in the country because of the plague, and no one feels like discussing it much. But by All Saints' or therabouts we should hear something."
She tells him not to worry about her or how people on her end of matters will deal with things. She seems almost too insistent not to worry about her.
"You needn't doubt that when we hear something we'll talk to whoever, wherever we need to, and we won't fail to make use of our friends and relations, either from lack of money or from not wanting to, and we won't forget anything. But first we're waiting to hear what's being said about it and to get some idea what those in charge might be thinking.... Dietislavi has been sick ... and doesn't carry too much weight. Your Messer A isn't as well placed as you think he is...".
In a careful warning, she tells her son the supposed leaders may not be so. But she remains hopeful about the political system in Florence noting the 'good Signoria', 'experienced priors' and a seemingly weak man currently stationed as Gonfalonier of Justice. By this time both of these had become relatively weak institutions, corrupted by money. This seems for Alessandra not such a bad thing if they have to wait longer for a decision. She encouraged Filippo to be in contact with Giovanni Bonsi and Tomasso Davizzi.
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from pp. 119-21, translated with notes by Heather Gregory: Selected Letters of Alessandra Strozzi : Bilingual Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997

Death of a Knight In Forli: August 27, 1495

In the Medici Archive of the Florence State Archives, Elizabeth Lev tells us there is a letter from the Florentine ambassador Puccio Pucci. In it he warns that Caterina Sforza Countess of Forli would send her children, her allies, and her possessions to the grave, her soul to hell and her state to the Turk, before she would give up her knight Giacomo Feo. This position on her part was seen as a liability for many actors across Italy in 1495. The man himself came from no family, he had no interests backing him and no outside loyalties to anyone that the Countess did not control. Common culture of the time discerned that this was the kind of man no one else could trust.

In 1495 young Ottaviano Riario, Caterina's son turned sixteen and thus came of age to inherit his father's etstates. Antonio Ordelaffi is listed as the antagonist who set the Orciolo and Marcobelli families to revolt. That uprising was crushed says Lev, but Feo put the city of Forli on lock down and no one was allowed in or out except on Giacomo's approval.

A teenage Ottaviano was said to vent an impassioned plea at Giacomo for his minority position regarding the young husband of his mother and was slapped into silence by Feo. A plot was hatched by a guard captain within Forli. Giovanni Antonio Ghetti is listed as the trusted captain that set some retainers against Giacomo Feo. Ghetti's wife Rosa, was Caterina' favorite lady in waiting. Lev says this woman and her husband knew the dangerous devotion Caterina had for her knight. A family member to Ghetti, Domenico joined them with a couple priests. One of these, Antonio Pavagliotta needed money for his mistress and three children in order to join them. The other, Lev says, wanted to tender favor with the powerful Cardinal Riario.

Caterina, the children and Giacomo had gone on a picnic outside Forli on August 27, 1495. It was a nice day, they went on a hunt and then ate. On the way back, they were so happy with the day, they were singing. They crossed the bridge with Giacomo and Ottaviano behind the Countess and the youngest in a carriage. When Caterina crossed the gate, the trusted captain Ghetti stepped forward in front of Giacomo on horseback. They greeted merrily and Ghetti's allies closed in behind Giacomo Feo and stabbed him in the back. He fell into the arms of his assailants. Caterina instantly knew what was happening, jumped out of the carriage onto a horse and raced for the fortress. Young Ottaviano and Cesare rushed to the home of a nearby nobeleman, Paolo Denti.

Ghetti and the clerics went into the town's piazza calling out the names Caterina and Ottaviano, claiming to have destroyed the traitor Feo. They claimed to have liberated the town from the usurping tyrant. Caterina's chief of police came out to see the bloodied killers Ghetti and the clerics. He returned to the fortress Ravaldino only to come back again with a number of guards to arrest Ghetti and his conspirators. The culprits struggled free and escaped into the crowd and then the town. But then a reward was announced. One hundred ducats to whoever captured Ghetti or the conspirators, dead or alive. It only took a few days at most for them to be found and cut down.
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from pp 178-82 by Elizabeth Lev, The Tigress of Forli: Renaissance Italy's most courageous and notorious countess, Caterina Riario Sforza de'Medici : 2011, USA, Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt Publishing Company

Wednesday, September 9, 2015

Giacomo Baraballo, 'arch-poet', Sept 1513: In Pope Leo X's Court

Leo X, that younger de' Medici pope in the years 1513-21, had a great fondness for the arts. Silvio A. Bedini delightfully gives a number of examples of this in his 1997 book The Pope's Elephant. A quick look begins here.
"A new era in arts and letters was dawning in Rome with the reign of Pope Leo X. Humanists achieved greater influence in his time, and rhetoric was idolized at the court to such a degree that it led to a new form of entertainment, featuring disputations and literary contests.... 
The pope particularly loved music and his household accounts record numerous payments for the purchase of instruments and the service of musicians.... he used his gardens as settings for banquets and concerts....
In addition to his affinity for the arts, the pope demonstrated a great love of buffoonery. Historians have claimed that this pleasure in vulgarity, which was not prevalent in royal courts of the period, derived from Florentine taste and custom." [pp. 88-9]
Some commenters, Bedini relates (and Domenico Gnoli detailed), thought these entertainments came about because of the lack of ladies at the papal court, allowing for 'greater license and grosser expression'. Others say the pope was combatting melancholy due to the stresses of the job and his physical frailties. Leo was said to pay a lot to those who could amuse him.

Perhaps the greatest of the buffoons was Fra Mariano of the Fetti line, from Florence. Another was the Abbot of Gaeta, one Giacomo Baraballo, also from Florence. Bedini explains that when Pope Leo was confirmed, Baraballo hurried to Rome where he was "... duly registered among the scutiferi or shield-bearers."
"Perhaps the most memorable entertainment of the period took place at the conferring of Roman citizenship upon Leo's brother, Giuliano de' Medici, in September 1513. For the occasion a great wooden theater in the classical style was erected on the Campidoglio and decorated with paintings by the major artists in Rome. One of the featured events was the reading of poetry and recitation of the Penulo of Plautus. Seventy-two poets were convened to comment on a poem entitled Epulum by Simone Seculo; notable among them was the Abbot of Gaeta, who signed himself modestly 'Baraballo, arch-poet'." [p.91]
Fra Mariano himself had even described this act of Baraballo as that of  "... a prince and inventor of a new madness." Apparently, the new Pope had such a good time with this, and since the patron saints of his family were the paired Saints Cosmo and Damiano, Leo X decided to have a festival every year in this manner, and in those saints' honor in Rome. The Abbot Baraballo was to play a central role in this, the following year as well, in 1514. But that time he would sit atop the prized white elephant that the pope kept for his entertainment. This elephant is the focus in this, Bedini's extensively detailed work.
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Silvio A Bedini: The Pope's Elephant; Penguin Books, NY, NY 2000

news bits early Sept2015

Current news this early September seems split between the massive refugee crisis in Europe and, in the US, with whatever Donald Trump is saying. Yesterday was also International Literacy Day. So, here are some other things.

Editors from The Nation say the US' wars in the Mid-East is the prime source of this refugee crisis.

Of course the wars are not over. After months of bombing Yemen, Saudi Arabia admits the UN to deliver aid there. 4 min audio

The White House Press Corp made a little video combatting the negative opinions of former Vice-President Dick Cheny regarding the current negotiated deal with Iran limiting the production of nuclear materials. They called it 'Wrong then, Wrong Now'. 2:30 minute video

A report compiled by a former Clinton-era economist shows that over the last 30-40 years, real wages and savings declined most considerably under President George W Bush, last decade. Article by Phillip Inman for the guardian.

In Baltimore, MD, a settlement for $6.4 million was accepted by the family for the wrongful death of Freddie Gray.

In competition for the US Open Tennis Championship, Serena and Venus Williams squared off.

Long-time Pew Research pollster and broadcaster Andrew Kohut dies at 73.

Archaeologists find yaupon holly, a cacao-based cousin to yerba mate in pottery remnants in the American southwest. This plant which was indigenous to the American southeast can thus be recognized as a caffeinated drink used ritually and traded over longer distances than was previously thought, 1000 years ago.

The 400th anniversary of the publication of the second part of Cervantes' Don Quixote gets celebrated. 8 min audio

Pope Francis, in an interesting commentary, gets noticed for encyclical on climate change and tieing this notion to liberation theology. That these ideas relate, are in fact, strongly related, that it comes from a 'South American pope', and that many liberals around the world would rather not see the associations reveal much about today's biases. This links the encyclical in English.

Among the photos sent back from the Pluto flyby last month includes this one of some gleaming material on dwarf-planet Ceres.
Today also marked the death of James IV King of Scotland in 1513, on Flodden Field. He was the last monarch of the entire UK who was killed in battle,

Friday, September 4, 2015

brief footnotes for Lev, detailing Giacomo Feo's demise

This is just a few notes detailing footnoted sources for Elizabeth Lev's book on Caterina Sforza regarding the assassination of Giacomo Feo in Forli, Italy some 520 years ago.

The circumstances of his death are drawn from the respective Chronache Forlivesi of both Andrea Bernardi and Leone Cobelli.
Bernardi: vol 1, A2, p.98
Cobelli: p.394

The likely prior animosities, and prelude to this incident are linked to the Pre-Principality Medici Archives in the Florence State Archives - filza 54 c. 165

The description of the honorary procession into the Forli market square the day after the murder probably came from Leone Cobelli.

The resulting actions, reprisals, and fallout come also from Cobelli, p. 384 and the Milan State Archives. Thses were reprinted in Pier Desiderio Pasolini's Caterina Sforza in 3 volumes, Rome: Loescher, 1893. Lev supplies her own translations of quotations of this material.
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from Elizabeth Lev, The Tigress of Forli: Renaissance Italy's most courageous and notorious countess, Caterina Riario Sforza de'Medici : 2011, USA, Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt Publishing Company

Friday, August 28, 2015

Honoring A Murdered Knight in Forli: August 28, 1495

In Forli, on the morning of August 28, 1495, Elizabeth Lev tells us, an 'impressive sight' emerged from the fortress now known as il Rocca Ravaldino. The day before, Giacomo Feo had been cut down by deceptive local enemies, when he and his lover the Countess Caterina Sforza and the children, were out for a summer picnic. Despite the gruesome tumults and brutal reprisals of the day before (which would continue) and a likely sleepless night for the grief-stricken Caterina, she and her remaining family were the very picture of nobility, stability and power.

From Lev's book, The Tigress of Forli: 
"... hundreds assembled outside Ravaldino wearing the somber colors of mourning. The drawbridge was lowered and a procession slowly crossed toward the city gate. The vicar of the bishop of Forli, dressed in funerary robes, walked in front, accompanied by Scipione Riario, Girolamo's natural son, now in his twenties, who lived with the family. Caterina came next, holding the hand of little Bernardino, her three-year-old son by Feo. Her pale face bore the signs of a sleepless night, but her expression was unreadable. She looked at no one and acknowledged nothing except the little boy by her side.
The Sforza-Feo household made an impressive sight, with ambassadors, ladies in waiting, and an honor guard in polished armor wending their way across the moat. Three pages, dressed in mourning livery, rode with the group. The first displayed Feo's sword and golden spur, the second his helmet, and the last his cuirass, denoting Giacomo's knightly status. Dozens of nobles, both local and foreign, joined the cortege as they headed into the city. Others poured into Forli from neighboring towns, gathering in the market square, where a giant catafalque had been prepared during the night. The towering monument was draped in gold cloth and surrounded by torches. At the appointed time, the canons of the cathedral, the parish priests, and the confraternities encircled the platform, bearing aloft thirty-three crosses as they sang psalms and prayers. The air was heavy with the scent of incense; a slowly cadenced chant set a stately pace for tthe procession that then wound to the church of San Girolamo. Count Girolamo Riario, lord of Forli, had not rerceived such elaborate obsequies.
Feo was temporarily laid to rest in the chapel containing the splendid tomb of the unfortunate Barbara Manfredi, the murdered wife of Pino Ordelaffi."
This nearly photographic or video-quality set of images is beautiful and realistic. The linearity of the description makes completely clear what is going on and what it means for the players. The source for this vivid description must come from Leone Cobelli and his contemporary Chronicle of Forli. Details of the attack, the motives of the assailants, the following reprisals and acts of bloody vengeance ordered by the Countess, including torture and the mounting of several severed heads in the marketplace and leaving them there for over a year, as well as the notes and sources of this episode will come over the next few days.
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from pp 183-4 by Elizabeth Lev, The Tigress of Forli: Renaissance Italy's most courageous and notorious countess, Caterina Riario Sforza de'Medici : 2011, USA, Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt Publishing Company

Thursday, August 27, 2015

news bits: end of August 2015

Nearing the end of August in middle America, this year we are enjoying unseasonably cool weather. Highs this week remain in the low 80's Fahrenheit (27-29 Celsius) and right now it looks like rain. Meanwhile much of the west of the country endures terrible drought conditions, epic wildfires of catastophic proportions and serious discussions on water scarcity.

The US Department of Agriculture forecasts lower prices for staples from the midwest like corn, soybeans, hogs, which means lower incomes. This also means lower tax revenues for states dependent on them. Losses in other areas, like in bee populations, almond, berry, apple and potatoe productions in the northwest, may mean more farms literally drying up.
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After numerous tragically avoidable killings all across the US this year, Wal-Mart has decided to stop selling certain kinds of assault-style rifles.

Meanwhile, not known as the most forward thinking of states, North Dakota's legislature has decided that certain kinds of drones can be equipped with tasers and tear gas.
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KOCH's and US President trade barbs.

The third book in Hugh Thomas' trilogy on the Spanish Empire is out. Here is a review by Nigel Cliff for the NY Times. Here is another look on the nexus of education, information and 'strategic culture' as it relates to Philip II's Spain and the Kennedy and Johnson Administration's from Geoffrey Parker.

China's huge sell off in their stock market has caused tremblors all over the world's economies.


This guy has an explanation for why 'no trade' or autarky is the bencmark for macro-economics instead of current school's definitions.

More tragic stories of refugees dying at sea emerge today. This has been happening particularly in Europe all year.


Desperate conditions remain in Nigeria, even for journalists.

Friday, August 7, 2015

French Move Slowly Out of Italy : summer 1495

The retreat of the French from Italy did not start out that way. Leaving Rome, Pope Alexander at first asked the king to come visit him in Orvieto, away from the city, and then in Viterbo, and then as far as Perugia, up in the mountains. This drew the King's van north.

A further, later delay in nearby Siena, also probably in June, slowed everything down again. To King Charles' credit, he walked away from the prospect of his eager young cousin Ligni, a French prince ruling Siena as a favour for the French King. Then there was the additional heart-rending pleas of those in Pisa who wanted French protection, as well as the contrary Florentine contingents. Then the slow trip over the Apennines at last brought them above and then along the small river Taro, 30 km southwest of Parma, near Fornovo. The French goal, according to Guicciardini, was still Asti, where they had encamped the prior September. First they had to ford this smaller stream, the Taro in the summer when it would be lowest, and then head roughly west to Parma, and Piacenza, and then straight west past Tortona, south of the Po.

Along the way, those troops garrisoned on the coast southeast of Genoa near Sarzanello were ordered to cross the mtns to join the main body of troops. All but those in Ostia did so. Troops had also been sent west to board the fleet sent to pick up troops that remained along the coast. The King sent Cardinal della Rovere farther south, to Ostia, to help protect his interests there, as the most direct port to Rome. The main mass of the army were sent north and over the mountains where it was at least cooler if more arduous.

But on the fifth of July, the scouts for the King found a large mass of troops north of the Taro, and the Apennines, near Fornovo. There was a large contingent of Stradiotti, mercenary Albanians sent by Venice and their leaders. There were even a great many Milanese forces in the plain whose messengers said that in no way could the French army pass there. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza had been the French ally this entire time, effectively inviting King Charles to Italy in the first place. Charles sent a letter to meet with the Venetian proveditors who were on the field, but then afterward that night failed to meet with them.

All night the discussions on both sides went on and on. The camp of the Italian allies was dug in, as they had been there over a week. A storm with thunder and rain soured the French mood, even to become more fearful and uncertain in the weather and its greater difficulties, Guicciardini would say. In the morning, the French advanced across the river and so did the Italian allies to attack their flank. The battle continued all day with bravery and losses on both sides. Both sides took credit for winning.

But then the next day when embassies were sent by both sides, the Italian allies were said to insist that the French could not pass there and must stay on the west side of the Taro and south of the Po. Over the next several days, the French did and began moving west, not approaching Parma, but keeping to the high road to Piacenza. After eight to twelve additional days, the King at last reached Asti. The allies pursued them closely until reaching Tortona.

By this time news had been coming in that Naples was in the hands of the sons of Aragon again, the French fleet on the western shore was dashed, and French forces were fleeing the once secure Genoa. A siege on the French garrison under the Duke of Orleans' command at Navara, west of Milan, had begun as well. This was seen as a kind of rear guard to the masses of under-provisioned and weakened French troops gathering in the plain south and west of there. King Charles moved again to Turin to be in better communications with Novara as the siege there wore on. The King did not feel safe with enemies at his back attacking French troops at Novara and sought a final peace deal.

It was Ludovico Sforza who set their demands to the King alongside the Italian allies in nearby Vercelli. Guicciardini gives us the contrary opinions of King Charles' ministers, including that of the Prince of Orange, the Duke of Orleans and Monsieur de Tremouille. These discussions and arrangements would continue all summer. It was in October, Guicciardini tells us that the French King returned at last to France. There were other forms of fallout following the French retreat. In Forli, the captain-guard of Countess Caterina was struck down. In Florence, letters from Rome helped renew the tumult there.

Thursday, July 2, 2015

news bits midway 2015

As wikipedia tells me, today is the 183rd of 365 days this year, and, there are also 182 days left in the year. Today in the Gregorian calendar used in the west, is a pivot in the middle of the rest of this year. That is, 182 days have transpired this year with 182 days left in the year after today.

Flashpoints in the last few weeks this June have burnt their way across the news in the US. The killing of nine church-members in the historic AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina on June 16, and by an avowed white supremacist (and his subsequent chase and capture), was followed by the clamor for removal of confederate flags from state houses across the country and then, for retailers like Wal-Mart, KMART and Sears to remove such symbols from their shelves. Then for a week as many as eight historically black churches across the south were engulfed by fire. The FBI has opened investigations on those cases and four of them have already been called arson fires. Author of  'Lies My Teacher Told Me' gives a recent overview of 20th century narratives about the Old South here.



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Also the US Supreme Court handed down a number of decisions late in June. A couple popular challenges, against same-sex marriage and against the Healthcare ACAct, were turned down. A couple others went another way. EPA limits on mercury emissions from power plants were relaxed, and a controversial form of state-sanctioned execution, the lethal injection was allowed. An overview is found at DemocracyNow! Also,




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Conflict in Egypt heats up:
And in Yemen.
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Greece has passed the deadline for a payment to the ECB. A referendum by Greek voters is scheduled
on Sunday.
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Spook trolling on internet? Here's some evidence:
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Researchers think this may be the map Columbus took with him on his first voyage.

Miguel de Cervantes wanted to be buried under this convent. And so he is.


Friday, June 26, 2015

Italian Forces Countering French Troops Encamp Near Fornovo: June 27, 1495

When the French under their King Charles VIII assumed power so quickly in Naples, the rest of Italy began taking steps to remove them. The Duke of Milan who had spent so much time encouraging them to come began to fear losing his own sovereignty. And if Milan could be usurped, so the logic went at the time, so also could Venice be overwhelmed. Pope Alexander VI had sent an embassy to Emperor Maximilian who had called a Diet asking for funds to field an army. Florence had in the last year undergone a revolution and could not muster much of an army at the time.

Embassies and representatives met in secret, messengers sent and were received with little fanfare. Discussions of the Senate in Venice began in earnest and by the end of March they had entered into an agreement with Maximilian, the Pope, the Duke of Milan, both Spanish and Engllish Kings and the vestigial forces of Naples. They called this a Holy League and on March 31, called for the expelling of France from Italy. Venice hired Francesco Gonzaga II of Mantua as Captain of the forces that could be raised to lead against the French. A call to arms was made and forces began to marshall.

At first, they would attack the small bands of forces that the French had left along the length of Italy, thereby disrupting the links that Charles depended on for communication. Beyond these measured initial successes, problems arose between the League members as to which strategy to use moving forward.

On May 20 that year, Charles had decamped and the French began moving north out of Naples. Despite the huge number of forces that the French King commanded, his communication lines were in disarray and he had no backup or local allies. It had taken him six months to proceed through Italy and enter Naples. Now he and the French had a huge baggage train full of siezed goods and treasure taken from Italians and the numerous places they had laid waste to. This dramatically slowed the retreat back north.

The Venetian army and their allies under Francesco Gonzaga at last chose a spot to make camp and wait for the advancing French train. This was on June 27, 1495, near the town of Fornovo about 30km south and west of Parma.


Tuesday, June 9, 2015

some early June notables

June came in lush and green after a very wet May here. Where there are cherries, people pick them. Where it isn't too wet, weeding the garden or wheat harvesting can begin. The series of crises of varying size and scope all over, continue, of course. But despite the wars in Syria, over Ukraine and Yemen, despite the increasingly desperate migrants in the Mediterranean and of the Rohingya, the intensity of last month seems tempered slightly. News of the tennis open in France, of hockey's Stanley Cup, and the NBA finals, of baseball in the US, of US Supreme Court decisions,  all compete with the sound of lawnmowers and the smell of outdoor grills to announce that summer has finally arrived. Even the stunning indictment of FIFA by the FBI last week seemed to be the first indication that people had instead found their armchairs or that missing weeding trowel and could get back to the tasks at hand.

With that breezy summer feel in mind, a number of topics floated by.

A CBS/NYT poll found that more Americans are concerned about money in politics.

David Dayen gives an overview of the robust turnaround that California has made with its state budget.

Elections in Turkey give more voice to Kurds in government.

On the Media had an hourlong discussion on the repeal of the Patriot Act and its replacement, the Freedom Act. Well worth the time. They also look at how libraries have your back, for now.

A book of fiction, Book of Numbers has an author feeling cheated by tragedy and search engines, somehow. 8 min audio

Another book, Iterating Grace, a mystery in origin, pokes fun at startups, silicon valley and social media in a beguiling rabbit-hole of playful happenstance. Here it is complete, with some additional clues asking the who in order to get at the why of the project.

Horseracing in US has a new Triple Crown winner. First time since 1978:

Sunday, May 31, 2015

Imperial Diet of 1495 Bogs Down In Deliberation

It is one of those apparent ironies of history that while Emperor Maximilian deliberated with his princes during the diet of Worms, French King Charles VIII was leaving Naples. Maximilian had wanted to raise funds to build an army and take them over the Alps to drive the French from Italy. The assembled members of the meeting that lasted through the spring of 1495 not only did not agree with Max but wanted something very different from him.

As Thomas A Brady tells us in his German Histories In The Age of Reformations the Diet proposed creating an executive council that was centered in Frankfurt, had an annual budget, could raise armies and negotiate directly with the Roman Curia. The Emperor knew this would not only lessen his own power but create an entire new structure outside his overseeing control and away from his direct holdings.

It was on May 23, 1495 that the royal council told those assembled that such a body might exist only in the event of an Imperial absence, as in a war against the Ottomans. If this were the case, the Emperor himself would appoint its members and structures. This was not to the council's liking.

They also had asked for a Perpetual Public Peace in German lands, a supreme judicial body jointly staffed, an entire police system to maintain the peace, and a direct public tax on all Imperial subjects. Of these, only the tax was eventually accepted and which came to be called the Common Penny.
"Several treasurers were appointed, headquartered at Frankfurt, and, there being no Imperial local officials, parish priets were saddled with the task of collecting moneys at the local level." [p. 117]
Over four years, only six percent of the originally projected sum of two million gulden were collected. A third of this Brady says was collected by the treasurers and about one-tenth came from the princes. Some forty to nearly sixty percent of this Common Penny came from the Emperor himself. The result was a political disaster. The clergy were hated for taking the taxes, the Imperial Council and any order it could manifest could not be established, and the Public Peace could not be found. The following year Maximillian would venture over the Alps on his march to Italy.

Maximillian had hoped to lead Prince Sigismund, as he wrote to him, and other princes with their little green tent, famous Swiss pikemen,and chamois, and beat the French back from Naples and save Christiandom. That too would end in disappointment. But all the while over the years, each of these would be announced as some form of victory, but each time the rhetoric rang hollow and far short of projections.
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quotes and pagination from: Thomas A Brady Jr: German Histories in The Age of Reformations, 1400-1650;  University of California, Berkeley for the Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2009

The Diet: A Deliberative Assembly In 15th Century German Lands

The process of German Imperial rule within German lands, as mentioned before, grew from a weak state, as a result of 'collaborations with the princes of the Diet,' as well as internal reorganizations and advances in the methods of state's business. For these collaborations, Thomas A Brady gives us his sketch of that process of growth. A few quotes from his German Histories in the Age of Reformations give a bird's-eye guide of the prevailing norms. First there was a call like that of Maximilian in early 1495.
"Estates consisted of a territory's notables constituted in a territorial diet. Long before princes began to hire lawyers... they recognized the need to get leading subject's consent to their principal actions.... and the multi-chambered diet became a standard feature of princely governance.
The estates met at the prince's call, supplied him with advice and money, pressed him for the relief of grievances, and demanded that law be made only after consultation." [p. 102]
These advising notables could be supportive or antagonistic. They could be rich or poor in resources, or available arms. They tended to be part of a broad social network which could include familial intermarriages and alliances and feuds. But they usually agreed to customary rules, including the recording of what transpired or what was agreed to at meetings.
"A Saxon document from this time affords a rare glimpse into how these bodies operated. In Electoral Saxony the prince "determines the day and place, the when and where he wants the diet to meet. He then sends out a general, written summons to his territorial estates -- prelates, counts, barons, knights, towns, and universities -- to appear personally." The prelates and counts appear in person or send proxies, the towns, depending on size, send two to four persons each and the districts send two to three nobles, each with full powers to present their grievances. Meanwhile, the prince "has his wishes and whatever else he wishes to propose formulated in a formal written proposition, on which his councilors deliberate as necessary and consider well each and every point."
The rider comes into any town or locality to deliver his message, the courier hands it off to the servant, and then, on to the particular noble, notable, cleric or dignitary. The call for a meeting is drafted and messengers sent out. Meetings convene with select people - as in Prussia's Landtag -  and propositions, decisions, conditions are discussed, agreed to or not. Messages drafted, proxies chosen, coached and, at the proper time, sent out to the gathering of the diet.
"On the appointed day, after the diet is assembled, the prince, flanked by his courtiers, councilors and servants, enters the hall and speaks to the assembly through a councilor. He commends their obedience to his summons, explains why he called them, orders the proposition read to them, and reminds them of their duty to be obedient."
Stressing obedience doesn't seem to the present day reader as stressing a position of strength or power by any prince. But apparently this was deemed necessary as well as customary in declaring the relations between prince and his subjects and proxies. Then deliberations would begin.
"The chambers deliberate separately on the proposition and prepare a common reply, to which, if he is dissatisfied, the prince responds by demanding more."
This back and forth could and did continue for days and weeks, months. But it was only after this assembly gave it's initial responses to the prince did the assembled members and representatives provide their list of grievances and requests.
"Now the estates present their grievances to be redressed before any aid is approved. When agreement on the money is reached, the estates are thanked, and the official record of the actions is read and signed. Finally, the estates "are also reminded to keep these matters secret, ... and so the whole thing comes to an end, having once again taken its proper course." [p.103]
The assemblies were usually about money. Over time, different sorts of assemblies in various locales would come up with local solutions, but in most places, the above pattern holds, Brady tells us. As time went on, he continues, it became clear that the local creditors, very interested in the prince paying what he owed them, were included in the diet. So these accumulating and eventually corporate forms attending a prince also became dependent on an increasing tax-base levied by that prince. In this way, money flowed up from the populace to a bishop or prince and then out to creditors and the growing institutions.

But this was not a result of central or absolutist plan. Maximilian would work hard to enable such a system and had only measured success with his ambitions. This was usually from lack of money.
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quotes and pagination from: Thomas A Brady Jr: German Histories in The Age of Reformations, 1400-1650;  University of California, Berkeley for the Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2009


Sunday, May 24, 2015

File Under: The More Things Change.... : past May posts

Some old posts in May bring up common themes, both old and new.

Looking back on a kind of launching place. A look at the sea and Spain.

News in economics for 2012 looks about the same but with fewer wars. Here it is matched with a careful description of the theater of advocacy in Venice, May 1513.

Why finance reform can take years explained in an npr article from two years ago.

A couple views into the war in Syria two years ago.

Marin Sanudo mentions women and the stories he sets down on them, as a topic.

Sanudo gives a view into the start of the League of Cambrai War of 1509. Ambassadors receive news of the excommunication of Venice and fear for their lives May 8, 1509.

More economic counter arguments in the news in 2014. And as reported in Kansas too. And a clip explaining why the 'study' behind austerity measures in economics is faulty.

Interviews and pieces on surveillance and information  and making poverty criminal in 2014.

European elections took a turn to the right across Europe May 25, 2014.




Friday, May 22, 2015

the blur of painful news: mid May 2015

This is one of those weeks where it feels like the accumulation of events has been like balloons inflating, but under the skin. It is painful, as they inflate but even when they pop, as we know they must, it will be still more painful. And then all will have to heal. But meanwhile, the skin puffs up in another new place and then slowly inflates.

In Iraq the forces there lost the city of Ramadi to the insurgent Daesh. A few days later reports came in that they had seized ancient Palmyra in Syria. A city today of 150,000 and half of its inhabitants have fled.
This is a refugee camp in neighboring Jordan.

There has been much discussion this week about the Iraq war ousting Saddam Hussein. A pair of articles in the Atlantic offer modern takes on this and an interview with President Obama on what he sees for the Middle East.

For three years some 120,000 Rohingya of Myanmar have tried to flee persecution in their country. But their neighbors largely do not want them. This week slowly Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, even Gambia have said they will accept small numbers but there may be 6-8000 of these souls, lost at sea. Nearly half are children 12 and under.
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 On Monday people tried to make sense of the shootout the day before in Waco, TX between rival biker gangs where nine were killed and eighteen hospitalized. Over 170 were arrested and put in jail awaiting the investigation. The police spokesman said, "I don't think people were defending themselves today. I think they were involved in criminal activity and didn't care who they shot."

On Tueday people in Seattle struck and protested over education spending.
There was a major oil spill Wednesday in Santa Barbara, CA of over 100,000 gallons of oil that now stretches over nine miles.
There was the train derailment in Philadelphia last week.
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David Letterman ended his 33 year career as a funny man on television.
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B.B. King, King of the Blues died this week. He was known the world over for playing his kind of american music for over sixty years. I saw him once in Kansas City over twenty years ago. Here's a fantastic set with him and James Brown from thirty years ago.
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In 1971 some activists stole into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania. They took all the files and slowly began sending them to newspaper publishers across the country to expose what the government was doing in secret, including unlawful surveillance. Here's the movie about it.

Tlatelolcan View of the Siege of Tenochtitlan: May 1521

The local people of the city complex of Tenochtitlan who were not prepared for battle fled north.
"During this time the Aztecs took refuge in the Tlatelolco quarter. They deserted the Tenochtitlan quarters all in one day, weeping and lamenting like women. Husbands searched for their wives, and fathers carried their small children on their shoulders. Tears of grief and despair streamed down their cheeks.
The Tlatelolcas, however refused to give up. They raced into Tenochtitlan to continue the fight and the Spaniards soon learned how brave they were. Pedro de Alvarado launched an attack against the Point of the Alders, in the direction of Nonohualco, but his troops were shattered as if he had sent them against a stone cliff. The battle was fought both on dry land and on the water, where they shot at the Spaniards from their shielded canoes. Alvarado was routed and had to draw back to Tlacopan."
Miguel Leon-Portilla our editor here for these recollections (in Broken Spears), reminds us that the Tlatelolcos had long been active enemies with the recently reigning Aztec clan of Motecuhzoma. But they had also long accepted their  place in their quarter of the gigantic city. He also tells us that the storytellers here were Tlatelolco elders remembering the siege many years later and that they would be the only one's left to recall their own quarter's heroic deeds.

From page ninety-nine, one-hundred in The Broken Spears: the Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico, translated, edited with an introduction by Miguel León-Portilla, expanded and with a postscript, Beacon Press, 2006.
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Camilla Townshend paints an almost beguiling sketch of the circumstance of the retelling, if it were not for the terrible events recalled. It was the young Nahuatl men who came and asked the elders about those days of thirty years before. So, they led the old men to a place near the Franciscan church in Tlatelolco where they could talk and write.
"They led their guests through dark, quiet rooms bordering the church courtyard to a place where they could work, and then asked them in polite and respectful Nahuatl to consider themselves welcome, to take care to preserve their good health, to seat themselves. As the old ones spoke of what they remembered, the young ones dipped their feather quills in black ink and tried to write it all down on the large, thick paper they had before them. Their actions made a peculiar scratching noise. In the old days, the elders knew, the writing would have been different, and the scribes would never have used black ink alone, but red and black together, on the same page. These young men remembered little or nothing about those times, however, having spent so many years of their lives with the Spanish friars.
The old men said the first attack on the city had come suddenly. Like lightning in the storm season, they had known it was coming, and when it came they were somehow stunned. The Spanish had been moving in the area for months; they had been seen assembling their boats across the water in Tetzcoco. Then one day they came rapidly across in a body toward the neighborhood of Zoquipan on the island's shore."
from p. 115,  Malintzin's Choices: an Indian Woman In The Conquest of Mexico, Camilla Townshend, University of New Mexico Press, as part of the series Dialogos, 2006

Tuesday, May 19, 2015

Against The Day: Not A Review An Appreciation, 2007

I've taken to typing up large pieces of this book Against The Day by Thomas Pynchon and posting them on random places on the internet. All are duly quoted and attributed, because credit should be given where it is due, as this story deserves a distribution farther, wider and stranger than more than all but just a few have attained. It deserves imaginary distribution, it needs to be read by the people, yes and yes, as well thru lenses kept hidden by governemnts and secret societies the world over. It needs to be read by people of all times and places. It needs to be praised and misrepresented, taught in schools and left by the bulletin board in bus terminals, kept by lighters outside of airport terminals and substituted for Gideon's Bibles in all the Comfort Inn's across Northern America.
If you're not happy with the news these days, read this instead.
If you want a story that paralells your life and yet still twists away from the present, just in time, to remind that it is good now and then to throw away the rulebook, then this might be the book to read.
Have you ever thought two superficially unrelated occurences were actually deeply connected in some otherwise undocumented way? You think of someone and they call, you have a feeling of dread or sadness and the news reports it, you miss an appointment somewhere and it turns out it was better you weren't there at all . . . these kinds of things happen to characters in this book with such ease, we are left to wonder why everyone doesn't dwell on these things all the time. But then the commercial ends, or the phone rings, the belly rumbles, the sirens go off. We nod and lose our way.

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Against The Day is by Thomas Pynchon, and the 1st edition, by the Penguin Press, was published in NY, late 2006.

Sunday, May 17, 2015

Calendar Jumble May

There are a number of things to mention this month. But less available time here to do so.

There were several stories of the Mexica during the siege of Tenochtitlan. How they would run away zig-zag when they found the direction that iron bolts from crossbows were fired. They told of the walls they would build and then climb on rooftops behind the walls to better use the higher ground for their arrows and take better aim from above. Most citizens fled to the north of the city complex avoiding the direct assault in the south. And there were those Tlatelolcas in the north that came down to the front of the attacks. Miguel Leon-Portilla our translator and editor for the Codex Florentinus tells us that most of Sahagùn's storytellers - where we get these details - were locals of Tlatelolco. They fought the Spaniards near where Motecuhzoma's palace was, they fought them at the Eagle Gate, they fought them again at Huitzillan. Bernal Diaz talks about all this in his chs 150+.

from The Broken Spears: the Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico, translated, edited with an introduction by Miguel León-Portilla, expanded and with a postscript, Beacon Press, 2006.
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There was the discussion of steel bolts as crossbow ammunition during the Spanish conquest (in the Valley of Mexico in particular), by Matt Restall in his Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. The cannons could and did destroy a lot, but it was the ripping of human flesh by steel, whether bolts or swords - and so quickly  - that was to so decisively decimate those still left for the fighting.

from pp 142-7, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest by Matthew Restall, New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 2004

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Marin Sanudo,  May 16, 1505 (6:165-75), gives a marvelous description of the reception by Pope Julius - formerly Giuliano della Rovere - and of a tour at the Vatican, for a Venetian ambassador. There was a reception and a dinner, a grand tour of so many rooms and finery. The dinner after, with so many courses of so many kinds of food alone, is really marvelous. Sanudo quotes it all as written by Reynero di Fideli.

from pp. 167-72,  Venice, Cita Excellentissima, Selection from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo translated by Linda L Carroll,  editors: Patricia H LaBalme and Laura Sanguineti White, published by Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008
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A brief summary of the basic nature and kinds of change for the German Diet that ocurred under Emperors Frederick and Maximillian in the period is due. It should be two-parts. Now I want more details about the Diet called for 1495.

Also on or near May 20, 1495, the French King Charles VIII decided it was time to leave Naples. Satisfied he could do all he could by taking the city (late in February) - the wags said he waited til his book full of portraits of local courtesans was filled - preparations were completed and the French army began returning north. Francesco Guicciardini has many details including many leading to the Battle of Fornovo in July.



Monday, May 11, 2015

news digest for 11may15

Parents marched in protest in Mexico City on Mother's Day for their missing children.
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On Thursday the US Second District Court of Appeals ruled that the Federal Government had gone too far in bulk collection of consumer data. Congress will have to act by the end of the month to extend, repeal or modify the guts of the Patriot Act from the early days of the war on terror. Particularly Section 215. Here's a synopsis from Wired magazine. And an 8 minute audio overview from On The Media.

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It was a shattering election Friday May 8th for many in the UK. Blue are Tories that took Parliament with a majority. Scottish National Party is in yellow. A watershed event as Labour had been expected to do much better.
This cartoon seems to capture the mood:

The same day there were massive protests in Sana'a, Yemen:
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It's tornado season in middle America. Hard hit this year were Texas and Oklahoma. Here's one in Halstead, Kansas.
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There was pig diving in China. Of course there was.
Tom Hanks was in Venice for Ron Howard's new movie.

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In Baltimore two weeks ago, a few blocks from the tear gas and protests.

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A Martian sunset.

Cortes Attacks Tenochtitlan May 1521; Nahuatl Eyewitness Account

In a few days Cortes had returned to Texcoco, after pressing as far as Tlacopan. By April 28th he had assembled his forces and paraded them. The boats were built too. They were to sail across Lake Texcoco itself from the east, carrying horsemen and guns and then surround the central complex of Tenochtitlan that lay in the center of the Lake. The troops had been split up with those under Pedro de Alvarado staying to the north and those with Cortes who took his group around the Lake and set up to the south. After the next several more days of preparation the ships then drew sail and set off across the water to land at the southern end. It was a maneuver at the beginning of a siege that would last some seventy-five days.

The sudden rush of the ships that Cortes had ordered was well captured by the elders who thirty years later remembered and retold the story of that day. Set down in black ink by younger scribes for Friar Sahagùn these stories of how they remembered that day became Nahua voices in the now famous Codex Florentinus.
"The cannons were mounted in the ships, the sails were raised and the fleet moved out onto the lake. The flagship led the way, flying a great linen standard with Cortes' coat of arms. The soldiers beat their drums and blew their trumpets; they played their flutes and chirimias and whistles. 
When the ships approached the Zoquiapan quarter [southwest portion of the central complex], the common people were terrified at the sight. They gathered their children into the canoes and fled helter-skelter across the lake, moaning with fear and paddling as swiftly as they could. They left all their possessions behind them and abandoned their little farms without looking back. 
Our enemies seized all our possessions. They gathered up everything they could find and loaded it into the ships in great bundles. They stole our cloaks and blankets, our battle dress, our tambors and drums, and carried them all away. The Tlatelolcas followed and attacked the Spaniards fom their boats but could not save any of the plunder.
When the Spaniards reached Xoloco, near the entrance to Tenochtitlan, they found a wall was built across the road to block their progress, They destroyed it with four shots from the largest cannon. The first shot did little harm, but the second split it and the third opened a great hole. With the fourth shot, the wall lay in ruins on the ground,
Two of the brigantines, both with cannons mounted in their bows, attacked a flotilla of our shielded canoes. The cannons were fired into the thick of the flotilla, wherever the canoes were crowded closest together. Many of our warriors were killed outright, others drowned because they were too crippled by their wounds to swim away. The water was red with the blood of the dead and dying. Those who were hit by the steel arrows were also doomed; they died instantly and sunk to the bottom of the lake."
The power of the steel arrows, and steel swords, in time however, became a most persistent scourge. But steel was just one of the many elements, and later popularized as crucial to the success of the Spanish. It wouldn't always be so. Though 'extenuating circumstances' complicate some narratives, the element of surprise worked well for the attackers too.
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from The Broken Spears: the Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico, translated, edited with an introduction by Miguel León-Portilla, expanded and with a postscript, Beacon Press, 2006.

Bernardino de Sahagún, Conquest of New Spain: 1585 revision , trans. Howard F Cline, ed S.L. Cline (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1989).