Friday, March 31, 2017

what's it for? thus far

Five years ago I started setting down things that I'd read and found telling or, exemplary or, demonstrative or, artful. Since then, after some five-hundred posts, some long, some technical, some breezy, a very few very short ones, several projects or series, stretching over time and multiple posts, intersecting with others, several lists can be made. 

Over the last five years nearly sixty spots surfaced in the month of March. One fourth of those looked at current news. A dozen topics come from the diarist Marin Sanudo or revolve around his curious Venetian outlook. Another twelve posts review the early Spanish in Mexico from primary sources, also in translation. Six more stories that can be found from or about different women spring into view, as well as a general introduction to the concept. Seems a shame the very topic needs to be re-introduced. Another half dozen look at some of Columbus' troubles on his first and second voyages to the Caribbean. Only a couple are shorter collections or excerpts of other, different, longer strands, or, placemarkers for some organizational habit. 
There are stories of marches and wars, of Feasts, fires, captures, shipwrecks, schoolgirls, beer brewers, pilgrims. Famous people, failures, baldface lies. And that's just March. Go find it here, or here, here, and here.
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For more examples of what I've done here, there are also drafts of posts that look like the following clump, spilling hyperlink goo for its own connective webbiness. And in this example, all links to quotes are cited from Sanudo's Diaries, which were translated and then published by Johns Hopkins at long last in the current century not ten years ago. It was this book in 2011 that was such an encouragement in that I might learn so much more about the period.

wed to the sea: reference info for fleet to Syria and eastern grain shipments, April 12, 18, 1499

recruiting captain Grimani during Ottoman war April 21, 1499

story of Captain Calbo April, 1505

Ambassador Stella returns from France October 21, 1498

death of a corsair: 1500; birth of a map

Gritti In Constantinople July, 1499
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Four years ago in March, also in a draft, I remarked on what I was doing: What's it for?

I have turned more attention to my blog. It may not be to your liking, that is, it may not be compelling enough for you/your interests, or even, a wider contemporary audience. I'm quite ok with that. I also have no delusion that I am really doing anything new with it, as in, furthering these studies, like graduate/phd theses, etc. 
Instead, I am merely linking various at-hand rennaisance history stories to the calendar, but providing context for them along the way, and this from primary sources as well, as understood by today's accepted western scholarship. I don't go after the academic controversies at all, really, just report what seems the present consensus, mostly. The only subtext that runs throughout is the curious paralells between the responses people had in those times and in ours. I know that's controversial enough. And while it is not systematic, chronological, let alone, exhaustive by any stretch, it satisfies a need for me to have 'something' to show for my compulsion to know more about pasttimes and human nature, etc. I have always done this sort of thing, with different times, places. This time I write down my investigative journey online and approach it more like an evolving piece of art. A history mosaic. I also put news blogs 3-4 times a month there, providing more context of the observer, almost in situ. 
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Last year in a summary some other decent bits surfaced.

As a present-day news junkie, perhaps, the daily happenings of the premier maritime, mercantile city, at the center of geopolitics, with new technologies, publishings and word of everything else coming through town, in rapid-fire serial fashion, struck me as immensely rich in particular. The simplistic idea of what was happening in Venice on this day, begs the additional questions of which year and regarding what. These scratchings soon sprout and blossom before the eyes in arboreal splendour. For me this source was an easy way into that world, one which was already so well-documented and an easy one to get a sense of their relation to the ebbs and flow of time. ...

The sources are numerous, I wanted the recent ones and with so many sources I get lots of input as to what was happening all over Europe, how the war and everything else effected everything else, if not day to day at least week to week. But I can't keep up on everything, so I try to hit the high points of that topic, while simultaneously trying to get the larger and smaller perspectives from several places, authors or lenses. I see it as a bunch of meshing gears, the city-states, powers, motives, people, perspectives all engaging or disengaging, falling apart and coming together.

I also want to show in the blog as many aspects of the whole research project as possible. If some modern scholar gives excellent notes, or bibliographic info, I'll give direct example. If the flow of their narrative over chapters or paragraphs, seems artful or particularly clear, or helpful, I like to give example of that. If a description or elucidation of complex ideas strikes me as revealing in an author, that goes in. Variety in expression of form, style and substance regularly gets highlighted. Sometimes there's just notes. Less often are there sections that follow strict review patterns, but there are many summaries. There are innumerable, but light, seemingly parallel references to modern expressions, attitudes or news bits and trends, because there just are so many. People and circumstances remain what they are.

ἔργῳ δ᾽ ἐστὶ μεῖζον  λόγῳ. - Euripides

Thursday, March 23, 2017

Money and Sway: Extending Control Over Spanish Church

As time went by, the King and Queen in Greater Spain drew more and more power for themselves from all quarters. By mostly traditional means, they were able to gain influence and then decisive power over old alcaldes, with new ministers of justice, as well as over the Orders that could maintain security. In addition, these brought fresh and renewing revenue streams. This same method would be applied to the Church who was wealthy beyond measure. With the precedent set at Granada in controlling offices, appointments, and other directives, the Monarchs could then demand more than just a third of the revenue. And this precedent could be extended far beyond Spain into the New World as well. A quick sketch and some scattered quotes should suffice.

Three concessions by successive popes (Alex VI in 1493, Julius II in 1508, and Adrian VI in 1523), gave the greatest of clerical authority to the Spanish Crown concerning the affirs of the Church in Spain. These authorities grew especially in those Spanish claimed lands in South and Central America. As Elliott puts it,
"In the New World... the Crown was absolute master, and exercised a virtually papal authority of its own. No cleric could go to the Indies without royal permission; there was no papal legate in the New World, and no direct contact between Rome and the clergy in Mexico or Peru; the Crown exercised a right of veto over the promulgation of papal bulls, and constantly intervened, through its viceroys and officials, in all the minutiae of ecclesiastical life." [p.102]
They had been granted the exclusive right to evangelize in the New World by Rodrigo Borgia, as Alex VI with his bull Inter caetera , as well as the right in 1501, for the Crown to perpetually keep tithes gathered for the Church in the western lands.

In 1508 Giuliano della Rovere, as pope Julius II, needed help against Venice. For this, Elliott tells us, he was willing to give up control of the presenting of Churchly benefices to the Spanish Crown. Though there would be fights on this very issue in various pockets of Greater Spain, this tool of extending benefices had already become a favorite for the King. A benefice could ensure loyalty. But providing an office that could be lucrative for the holder could also be lucrative for those bestowing it.

During the Reconquista of southern Spain, popes had granted bulls of cruzada allowing for the collection of indulgences from men, women and children. The very idea of it was the paying for the remission of sins, in order to finance a crusade against Spanish Moors, Ottoman Turks, or later, the locals who happened to live in Central America. In the sixteenth century this form of wealth extraction and its justification became very important to the Spanish Crown.

Yet it wasn't just wealth extraction that was important. The Spanish Church had its own internal problems that Queen Isabella worked to remedy as sovereign. Basic problems like absenteeism, and immorality wrestled with profligate concubinage among clerics with descendants commonly inheriting bishoprics and churchly estates, for eminence. [p. 103] First with the Jeronymite confessor Hernando de Talavera, then later with the austere Franciscan Jimenez de Cisneros, she would move to make both Granada Christian and Franciscans Observant.
"At a time when the desire for radical ecclesiastical reform was sweeping through Christendom, the rulers of Spain personally sponsored reform at home, thus simultaneously removing some of the worst sources of complaint and keeping firm control over a movement which might easily have got out of hand." [p.105]
The problems that pockets of Italy, much of Germany and all of Holland and England would suffer were greatly limited in Spain due to these actions from on high. This heavy hand of the Crown in Spain may have prevented troubles found elsewhere. But it also spawned the Inquisition.
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J.H. Elliott: Imperial Spain 1469-1716 : Penguin, NY, 2002

Friday, March 10, 2017

Ricciardo Becchi, Florence's Diplomatic Failure At Rome: late winter 1497

Already in the first weeks of Lent in Florence, after the glorious festival of Carneval that year of 1497, everything again felt like it was in free fall. Despite the great bonfire that year, for which a Venetian diplomat was said to have offered 20,000 ducats for the lot, people were starving. Some were dying of starvation. Despite the banning or exiling or jailing of certain critics of the Dominican friar under the short term of Francesco Valori as Gonfalonier, other critcis grew louder. Despite Savonarola's sermons on Ezekiel, the French would agree to a ceasefire.

What was worse, for Florence, was that by setting a truce with the League (on February 25), Charles VIII had effectively abandoned the City to its neighbors. Already they circled around her and her interests.
"Without at least the threat of a new French expedition the city was instantly more vulnerable to the pressure of the pope and the League and its hope of recovering Pisa was severely diminished. Having steadily proclaimed Charles as the New Cyrus, Savonarola's own credibility as a prophet suffered accordingly. Moreover the pope and the League could feel they had a freer hand to settle accounts with him." [p. 219]
During such a truce Venice could effectively strengthen its hold over Pisa, which it had temporarily secured over the winter. This, for Florence, would mean little commerce or profits for another year or more from its once numerous, profitable holdings and channels there. The word from Rome was just as bad.  Excommunication was threatened and the court in Rome thought Savonarola ruled in Florence. After all, he had cheered the most when the French had come to Italy.

When the pope told him to stop preaching, he had refused. When word of the reorganization of the Lombard Congregation had been sent, Savonarola had drawn up a petition from hundreds of his brethren that begged out of that. Now, after what seemed the clearly partisan Francesco Valori was seen holding such a chief, if temporary, office in Florence, reports in Rome had reached another crescendo.

As a member of the League in Italy with Venice, the Spanish sovereigns, and Milan, in order to support Naples and drive out the French, the pope, having agreed to the truce with the French in February, was dealing with a political reality. If Milan was widely seen as playing both sides in The Italian Wars, Florence had advocated the invasion of France, through the pulpit of Savonarola.

Savonarola would be quick to rightly claim he had no such political power. He had long preached that it was God who brought the French. In politics he had striven for neutrality. Against Rome he had preached only against corruption, not specific persons. Detailing all this and countering the anti-Savonarolan voices in the Roman curia and court was Ricciardo Becchi.

Messer Becchi had been Florentine envoy in Rome, tasked with the difficult project of bridging the interests of Florence with papal initiatives. Both Martines and Weinstein show how within a year, Becchi had gone from Savonarolan apologist in Rome, to the voice of Roman critics for Florence. From there, by March 1497, Becchi was warning how low Florentine opinions had sunk within the papal court.

Such a warning came March 19, Weinstein writes, when Becchi alerted the Signoria that
"... the League's ambassador were urging the pope to have no further dealings with the Florentines since they refused "to declare themselves good Italians," and the Venetian envoy had assured him personally that without the good will of his government Pisa would never be restored to them. The pope and the whole court, Becchi continued, were convinced that fra Girolamo governed everything in the city.... That he [S.] continued to prophesy the destruction and renewal of the Church and of Rome was intolerable. Moreover, if he persisted in refusing to comply with the papal order creating the new Tusco-Roman Congregation, they would initiate proceedings to censure and excommunicate him." [pp. 219-20]
Ricciardo Becchi would not be able to convince Rome of Savonarola's better intentions and, later, Savonarola would admit not trusting him as an ally for his cause. The missives of Becchi can be found in Alessandro Gherardi, Nuovi documenti e studi intorno a Girolamo Savonarola. Florence (1887): 154-6. [Opinions at Rome, a year earlier, providing more context of how far Becchi had come, are also found in Gherardi, 123-42.]

Already in Florence, a new Gonafalonier had been selected for the months of March and April. Bernardo Del Nero was seen as a Medicean partisan with an eye toward finding fiscal solutions. One popular notion which Del Nero could accept was expanding the role of public office to those who paid taxes. This method was understood as returning to sortition, a process by lot selection of filling public office, and to many, as an anti-Republican proposal since more d'Medici allies could then assume office again.

On March 18, the Council of Eighty agreed to a practica to discuss the issue.  As a measure of Valori's (and Savonarola's) sudden loss of power, Valori could hold off debate only ten days. By April 4, he could only agree to sit on a committee with the Arrabbiati opposition that would look at the 'matter of elections' and make a report. When they did, a vote was held and the Council of Eighty supported it, but the Great Council did not. Enough had thought the measure had not gone far enough.
"Weeks of reports, proposals, counterproposals, and recriminations followed until both sides were exasperated and at a loss what to do next." [p.221]
It had been increasingly clear that Florence had a lack of leadership crisis. Savonarola could not hold together his coalition of allies. Outside forces agitated and made warnings. In late April, Piero de Medici, hearing of more claims of starvation in the City and, with the more friendly Del Nero as Gonfalonier in that post, decided to move. Once again he expected the City would rise up and welcome him. He too would be mistaken.
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quotes and pagination, footnotes in Donald Weinstein: Savonarola: the rise and fall of a renaissance prophet , Yale University Press, New Haven, 2011

Thursday, March 9, 2017

news early March 2017

Despite tornadoes effecting towns, farmland, even airports along the Kansas - Missouri border on Monday, with cleanup activities continuing since, it turns out these were not the worst of local diasters this week. A wildfire that has razed much in Kansas and Oklahoma has as well stretched in Oklahoma and Texas.
This morning's news was that Marines were on their way to establish a base in Syria.
This comes the day after a major strike and walk out by women and their allies across the US. A power outage the night before seemed strongly symbolic.

But they weren't the only ones upset. Another problem that doesn't seem to go away.
Newly appointed and Senate approved Attorney General, a long-time Senator from Alabama, has already got himself accused of lying to the Senate to get the job. A new poll this morning says a majority in the US want him to resign.
Another Russian businessman has died unexpectedly.

Somehow this is also happening and remains barely reported.

Earlier this week, the current fledgling administration offered up a second try for its temporary stay on admitting travellers from certain countries in the Mid East. Legal experts say it's still faulty and won't be allowed. Don't forget, this happened.
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In the meantime, there are a number of stories around the world that deserve lots of attention. The BBC worldservice reported on the desire in Kosovo to have an army, China's role in brokering a deescalation in tensions between North and South Korea, is also covered with a different focus on npr, the tense diplomacy between North Korea and Malaysia over the death of a sibling to N Korea's "Great Leader", and the chaos that has been unleashed in South Sudan. Also, Saudi Arabia is considering deporting five million refugees.

Riots over food have erupted in Venezuela. The national guard has been called in.
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Amazingly, yesterday, US House Speaker Paul Ryan announced they had produced a healthcare omnibus bill that would replace the Affordable Care Act known as Obamacare with a sixty-six page redo. Already, no one but the speaker, the president and a small handful of others think it can pass. They've been working on a replacement for six years.

Rep John Conyers has a different idea entirely.
So do these people.
Still an evergreen moment.