Friday, May 8, 2015

Against The Day: Thomas Pynchon: The Chums of Chance In Venice, 1912


In honor of the author's birthday and for #PynchoninPublic a scene or two of the Chums of Chance gliding in on their floating gondola above Venice, into Italy, somehow seemed appropriate. Here go buy the damn thing! An excerpt from Against The Day, by Thomas Pynchon, 1st edition, by the Penguin Press, NY 2006  from pp 243-248:
Here's a sort of review from 2007. Edit: Reproduction Redacted


"Across the city noontide a field of bells emerged into flower, as the boys came swooping in over Murano, above wide-topped red-clay chimneys the size of smokestacks, known as fumaioli, according to the local pilot Zanni.  "Very dangerous, the sparks, they could blow up the balloon, certo," drops of perspiration flying off his face at all angles, as if self-propelled.  The comically anxious but good-hearted Italian had come aboard earlier in the day, after the boys had obtained the necessary clearances from the Piacenza branch of the Chums of Chance . . . . The Inconvenience having gone into dock-yard facilities, the boys had been given temporary use of an Italian airship of the same class, the simi-rigid Seccatura.
     From their stations the fellows now beheld the island-city of Venice, below them, looking like some map of itself printed in an ancient sepia, presenting at this daylit distance an impression of ruin and sorrow, though closer at hand this would resolve into a million roof-tiles of a somewhat more optimistic red.
     "Like some great rusted amulet," marveled Dr Chick Counterfly, "fallen from the neck of a demigod, its spell enfolding the Adriatic --"
     "Oh, then perhaps," grumbled Lindsay Noseworth, "we ought to set you down there right away, so that you can go rub it, or whatever amulet fanciers do."
     "Here, Lindsay, rub this," suggested Darby Suckling, from his seat at the control panel.  Next to him Miles Blundell gazed carefully at various dial-faces while reciting in a sort of torpid rapture, "The Italian number that looks like a zero, is the same as our own American 'zero.'  The one that looks like a one, is 'one'.  The one that looks like a two--"
 . . .
     Miles turned ... beaming . . . . "Listen."  From somewhere in the light mist below could be heard the voice of a gondolier, singing of his love, not for any ringleted ragazza but for the coal-black gondola he was at this moment oaring trancefully along.  "Hear that?" tears sliding down the convexities of Miles's face.  "The way it goes along in a minor key, and then at each refrain switches off into the major?  Those Picardy thirds!"
     His shipmates glanced at Miles, then at one another, then, with a collective shrug, by now routine, returned to ship's business.
     "There," said Randolph, "there's the Lido.  Now, let's just have a glance at the chart. . . ."
     Approaching the sand barrier which separated the Venetian lagoon from the open Adriatic, they descended to a few dozen feet of altitude (or quota, as the Italian instruments referred to it) and were soon scouting the so-called Terre Perse, or Lost Lands.  Since ancient times numerous inhabited islands here had sunk beneath the waves, so as to form a considerable undersea community of churches, shops, taverns, and palazzi for the picked bones and incomprehensible pursuits of the generations of the Venetian dead.
     "Just to the east of Sant 'Ariano and -- Ecco! Can you see it?  If I'm not mistaken, gentlemen, Isola degli Specchi, or, the Isle of Mirrors itself!"
     "Excuse me, Professor," Lindsay with a puzzled frown, "There's nothing down there but open water."
     "Try looking below the surface," advised the veteran aeronaut. "I'll bet you Blundell can see it, can't you Blundell, yes."
     "Something a little different today," sneered Darby Suckling.  "A mirror-works under the water.  How are we s'posed to carry this mission out?"
     "With our accustomed grace," replied the skyship commander wearily.  "Mr Counterfly, stand by your lenses -- we'll want as many plates of this little stabilimento as you can get us."
     "Snapshots of the open sea -- whoo-whee!" the embittered mascotte twirling a finger beside his temple -- "but ain't the old man just gone bugs at last!"
. . .
     "Rays, boys, rays," chuckled Scientific Officer Counterfly, busy with his photographic calibrations, "the wonders of our age, and rest assured none of 'em strangers to the spectrum of this fabled Italian sunlight.  Just wait till we're back in the developing room, and you shall see a thing or two then . . .".    

" . . . Zanni now from the helm, directing Randolph's attention to a trembling apparition in the distance, off to starboard.
     Randolph seized binoculars from the chart table.  "Confound it, boys, either that's the world's largest flying onion or it's the old Bol'shaia Igra once again, coming to town, planning to take in some Italian culture, no doubt."
     Lindsay had a look.  "Ah! that miserable Tsarist scow.  What can they possibly want here?"
     "Us," suggested Darby.
     "But our orders were sealed."
     "So? Somebody unsealed 'em.  Don't tell me those Romanoffs can't afford a fellow, or even two, on the inside."
      There was a moment of grim silence on the deck, acknowledging that, quite beyond coincidence, everywhere they had gone lately, no matter what conditions of secrecy they might have taken to the sky under, the inexorable Padzhitnoff, sooner or later, had appeared on their horizon.  Whatever mutual suspicions might have flowered among the lads themselves -- by the simplest computation, twentyfold at least -- their true apprehensions converged on those invisible levels "above", where orders, never signed or attributed, were written and cut.
       . . .
     "You cannot be implying that whoever issues Padzhitnoff's orders is intimate with whoever issues ours," Lindsay Noseworth was protesting.
     "Long as we just keep on doing everything we're told,"  Darby scowled, "we'll never know.  Wages of unquestioning obedience, ain't it?"
     It was early evening.  Having returned their borrowed airship to the A. dell'A. compound on the mainland, the team were gathering for dinner in the garden of an agreeable osteria in San Polo, beside a little-frequented canal, or as the narrow waterway is known to the Venetians, rio.  Wives leaned out onto small balconies to collect the clothes that had been drying all day.  Somewhere an accordion was wrenching hearts.  Shutters were beginning to close against the night.  Shadows flickered in the narrow calli.  Gondolas and less elegant delivery boats glided over water smooth as a dancing floor.  Echoing in the chill dusk, through the wind-flues of sotoporteghi and around so many occult corners that the sounds might have come from dreamers forever distant, one could hear the queerly desolate advisements of gondolieri -- "Sa stai, O! Lungo, ehi!" -- mingled with cries of children, greengrocers, sailors ashore, street-vendors no longer expecting reply yet urgent as if trying to call back the last of the daylight.
     "What choice have we?" said Randolph.  "No one would tell us who informed Padzhitnoff.  Whom could we even ask, when they're all so invisible?"
     "Unless we decided to disobey for once -- then they'd show themselves quick enough," Darby declared.
     "Sure," said Chick Counterfly, "just long enough to blast us out of the sky."
     "So . . . then," Randolph holding his stomach as if it were a crystal ball and addressing it musingly, "it's only fear?  Is that what we've become, a bunch of twitching rabbits in uniforms intended for men?"
     "Cement of civilization, 'nauts," chirped Darby.  "Ever thus."
     The girls who worked here, recently down from the mountains or up from the South, gliding about among the tables and in and out of the kitchen in a kind of compressed rapture, as if they couldn't believe their luck, out here, drifted like this into the pallid sea.  Chick Counterfly, as the most worldly of the company, and thus spokesman by default in fair-sex encounters that might turn in any way ambiguous, beckoned to one of the comely cameriere.  "Just between us Guiseppina -- a lover's secret -- what have you heard this week of other pallonisti around the Lagoons?"
     "Lovers, eh.  What kind of 'lover,'" wondered Guiseppina, pleasantly though audibly, "can think only of his rivals?"
     "Rivals! You wish to say, that some other skyfarer -- perhaps even more than one! -- lays claim to your heart? . . . what kind of 'beloved' is it who coldly tosses her admirers about, like leaves in a salad?"
     "Maybe looking behind those leaves for a big giadrul," suggested her Neapolitan colleague, Sandra.
     "Captain Pa-zi-no!" Lucia singing from across the room.  Giusippina appeared to blush, though it might have been residual sunset above the rooftops.
     "Pazino . . ." Chick Counterfly suavely puzzled.
     "It's Pa-djeet-noff," Giusippina pronounced, while gazing at Chick with a formally wistful smile that might well, in this city of eternal negotiating, have meant Now, what may I expect in return?
     "Thundering toad-spit," exclaimed Darby Suckling, "with all the spaghetti-joints in this town to choose from, are you saying those dadblame Russians have come in here?  how many of 'em were there?"
     But she had tendered all she would, and deploying over one bared shoulder a gaze of mock reproach at the outspoken youth, was off to other tasks."


So the boys have a solemn drink with glasses made especially for them right here in Venice just a few days before:

"Tastefully ornamented in silver  with the Chums of Chance heraldry and the motto SANGUIS RUBER, MENS PURA, the set had been that very day presented to the boys by current Shadow-Doge-in-Exile Domenico Sfinciuno, whose family in 1297, along with quite a few others among the Venetian rich and powerful of the day, had been disqualified from ever sitting on the Great Council -- and hence made ineligible for the Dogedom of Venice -- by then sitting Doge Pietro Gradenigo, in his infamous decree known as the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio.  But not even Napoleon's abolition of the office of Doge five-hundred years later had any effect on the claim to what, by now, generations of Sfinciuno, in a curious inertia of resentment, had come to regard as theirs by right.  Meanwhile they devoted themselves to trade with the East.  In the wake of the Polo's return to Venice, the Sfinciuno joined with other upstart adventurers, likewise relegated by Gradenigo's lockout, whose money was newer than that of the Case Vecchie but quite sufficient to finance a first expedition, and headed east to make their fortune.
     So there arose in Inner Asia a string of Venetian colonies, each based around some out-of-the-way oasis, and together forming a route, alternative to the Silk Road, to the markets of the East.  Maps were guarded jealously, with death the not-infrequent price of divulgement to the unauthorized.
     The Sfinciuno grew ever richer , and waited -- they had learned how to wait.  Domenico was no exception.  Like his ancestors before him, he wore not only the classic Doge's hat with its upturned point on the back but also the traditional cuffietta or linen cap underneath, which usually only he knew he had on, unless of course he chose to show it publicly to favored guests, such as the Chums at the moment, in fact.
    ". . . and so," he told the assembly, "our dream is now closer than ever to being realized, as through the miracles of twentieth-century invention which these illustrious young American scientists have brought here to us, we may hope at last to recover the lost route to our Asian destiny usurped by the Polos and the accursed Gradenigo.  Bless them!  These ragazzi are not to be denied any form of respect, symbolic or practical, at the risk of our ducal displeasure, which is considerable."
     "Why, it's like the Keys to the City! exclaimed Lindsay.
     "More like 'Attenzione al culo'" Chick muttered.  "Try not to forget that this place is known for its mask industry."  A vigorous advocate of inconspicuous-ness, Chick found ceremonies like today's both unnecessary and dangerous.  Their mission in Venice, best performed without demands on time and visibility like the present one, was to locate the fabled Sfinciuno Itinerary, a map or chart of post-Polo routes into Asia, believed by many to lead to the hidden city of Shambhala itself."


Thursday, May 7, 2015

Chaucer's Sir John Introduces The Rooster Chanticleer & Pertelote

In the US a number of candidates -- Huckabee, Fiorina and Carson --  in the conservative party announced this week that they too were seeking the nomination for President. The US elections will be in another eighteen months. In  light of the elections in the UK with exit polls favoring the conservatives and no confirmed tallies of ballots released yet, it still seemed appropriate to return to the rooster in the dale. So as I have a chance to offer some diversion, I'll continue with Nevill Coghill's excellent Geoffrey Chaucer in the Nun's Priest's Tale. There was an older woman...

"She had a yard that was enclosed about
By a stockade and a dry ditch without,
In which she kept a cock called Chanticleer.
In all the land for crowing he'd no peer;
His voice was jollier than an organ blowing
In church on Sundays, he was great at crowing.
Far, far more regular than any clock
Or abbey bell the crowing of this cock.
The equinoctial wheel and its position
At each ascent he knew by intuition;
At every hour -- fifteen degrees of movement --
He crowed so well there could be no improvement.
His comb was redder than fine coral, tall
And battlemented like a castle wall,
His bill was black and shone as bright as jet,
Like azure were his legs and they were set
On azure toes with nails of lily white,
Like burnished gold his feathers, flaming bright."

That's some chicken that knows the precise movements of planetary geometry, and by instinct.

"This gentlecock was master in some measure
Of seven hens, all there to do his pleasure.
They were his sisters and his paramours,
Coloured like him in all particulars;
She with the loveliest dyes upon her throat
Was known as gracious Lady Pertelote.
Courteous she was, discreet and debonair,
Companionable too, and took such care
In her deportment, since she was seven days old
She held the heart of Chanticleer controlled,
Locked up securely in her every limb;
O what a happiness his love to him!"

Out of a number of hens, one with the loveliest dyes on her throat and the best deportment, and at such a young age, she had the high-minded qualities that in a bird, set this rooster straight. And too, they could sing, Coghill says, 'probably a popular song': my lief is faren in londe. Or, 'My life/love is in a foreign land'. For Chaucer's Priest is quick to tell us, that, 'as I understand' it was in this far off day that birds and animals could speak and sing. We have moved first from history to suspended disbelief.

The rooster groans and lurches on his perch, His 'dearest heart... aghast' asks 'why do you groan and start?' He's had a dream. There was a beast, a hound with a skinny snout, and red.

"It was enough to make one die of fright."...
"For shame,' she said, 'you timorous poltroon!
Alas, what cowardice! By God above,
You've forefeited my heart and lost my love.
I cannot love a coward, come what may.
All women long - and O that it might be! -
For husbands tough, dependable and free,
Secret, discreet, no niggard, not a fool
That boasts and then will find his courage cool
At every trifling thing. By God above,
How dare you say for shame, and to your love,
That there was anything at all you feared?
Have you no manly heart to match your beard?
And can a dream reduce you to such terror?
Dreams are a vanity, God knows, pure error.
Dreams are engendered in the too-replete
From vapours in the belly, which compete
With others, too abundant, swollen tight."

A hen that knows what a woman wants. Toughness, dependability, discretion. But not the boastful who turn in fright from dreams that come from over-full bellies.

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Nevill Coghill was an Oxford English Lit Professor of the twentieth century - and who reached a wider audience than many - with his 1951 translation of Chaucer quoted and excerpted  here and published by Penguin. He works it happily into a mid-century idiom that makes sense and captures the rolling rhythms of Chaucer easily. It was a bestseller for decades.

Monday, May 4, 2015

dominant news early May 2015

In the absence of a slew of posts covering some of the details of the initial advances of Cortes in the Valley of Mexico (which will come later), current news in the current world stacks up on the table.

The last couple weeks the news has been full of detailing the cleanup and rescue work in and around Nepal following the massive earthquakes there where over 7300 people have died.

The latest in a series of boats crowded with migrants was rescued this weekend off Libya. This follows weeks where a number of boats didn't make it and hundreds died in just a few days. From this past April, here is a series of video clips by the BBC documenting the routes, methods, and motivations of migrants. Also, here is a quick bit of context, showing a rundown of topics and party positions in the UK from later February of this year. Notice how much there was already so much to do about migration. But Britain isn't Italy. They are the ones on the forefront of the flows of people desperate to stay alive and find a new place to start over. Aljazeera covered the EU response 24 April.

In the US, the situation in Baltimore took center stage last week. Protests there over the perceived mishandling of a suspect Freddie Gray led to protests across the country, an investigation by the state attorney's office and one by the Federal Deptartment of Justice. The problems are systemic, several decades old and widespread in Baltimore, effecting how every part of the community interacts with authority. The few rioting and looting on a couple occasions, overshadow much of the media's take and therefore the nation's view. Some in turn have used the story to spread stereotypical mischaracterizations and rumors and slander. Others rush to judge and have to resign, like this prosecutor in Wayne county, Michigan. Some have been able to spread word that the reality in too many neighborhoods in Baltimore is that there are no jobs, a failing education system and an out of touch law enforcement system. The mayor declared a curfew for a week and lifted it on Sunday 3 May. There were several arrests over the week of daily protests, and a lot of mudslinging in the media. But no killings there. Then on Friday, the state's attorney handling the case gave a press conference indicting six police officers associated with the man before his death. Here is that press conference .The community took it as a victory in light of what has happened in other cities where excessive violence has also killed. The local paper in Baltimore has been allowed inside the investigation to show a bit of how that is done.

Long term US foreign policy expert and diplomat Richard Haass warns us about the uncertainties of the world. Especially in the mid-East.
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The Federal Exchange Commission says it can't oversee campaign finance in order to regulate it. So we're looking at a real free for all.

Relevant quote from the NY Times:
“What’s really going on,” she said, “is that the Republican commissioners don’t want to enforce the law, except in the most obvious cases. The rules aren’t being followed, and that’s destructive to the political process.”
A mighty important topic covered in a piece from two years ago. Do dishonest campaign finance filers plague the IRS today?

Comment Is Weird does haz tumbler.

Tuesday, April 28, 2015

Cortes Presses Attack: From The Third Letter: April 1521

Hernan Cortes kept a number of fires burning at the same time. In addition to the boats being made, there was the arrival of more men and horses and food and arms from the coast, as well as word from the chain of friendly posts on the road from Texcoco to Vera Cruz. At least as important was the arrival of and the benefits from the allied Tlaxcala locals. Cortes also found time in the spring to frequently raid various towns around Texcoco. He would lead these sorties for weeks before the eventual attack and siege on the great city of Tenochtitlan.

One such raid occurred immediately after a great number of Tlaxcala had arrived, as Cortes told his King and Emperor Carlos V, in his Third Letter. It gives a clear sense of these sometimes daily missions and this part of the process that Cortes employed as part of his overall strategy.
"... I prepared twenty-five horsemen and three hundred foot soldiers and fifty crossbowmen and harquebusiers and six small field guns, and without telling anyone where I was going left this city [of Texcoco] at nine in the morning; and with me went the captains... with more than thirty thousand men, all very well organized into battalions, after their fashion. When it was already late, we came upon a group of enemy warriors some four leagues from the city, but the horsemen broke through and routed them, and as the warriors of Tascalteca [the Tlaxcala] are very agile they followed us and together we killed many of our foes; that night we slept in the open, under careful guard.
 On the following morning we continued our journey, and still I had not said where I intended to go, which I did because I distrusted some of those from Tesuico [Texcoco] who were with us, for as yet I had no confidence in them and feared they might betray my intention to the people of Mexico and Temixtitan. We now reached a town called Xaltoca [Xaltocan], which is situated in the middle of the lake, and all around were a great many channels full of water, which made the town very strong because the horsemen could not cross them. The enemy yelled at us loudly and attacked us with darts and arrows, but the foot soldiers succeeded in entering the towns, although with some difficulty, and drove them out and burnt much of the place. That night we put up a league from there. When it was light we continued on our way and soon came upon the enemy, who began to shout at us from afar as they do in war, which is truly a terrifying thing to hear. We followed them and came upon a very large and beautiful city called Goatitan [Cuauhtitlan]; this we found deserted and so slept there that night."
Cortes went with what he brags was a huge force, moving north and west and south again around the end of Lake Texcoco in the great Mexican basin, taking Xaltocan and then, going on to occupy Cuauhtitlan. And this included groups with captains that some of whom Cortes says he was not ready to trust. They pressed on to Tenayucan  where there was 'no resistance' and then to Azcapotzalco. But Cortes said he wanted to continue to Tlacopan which was 'very near Temixtitan', his name for the great central complex Tenochtitlan.
"When we came close to it we found that there also the enemy had dug a great number of ditches and were well prepared for our arrival. When we saw them, we and our allies attacked them, entered the city, killed some, and drove the inhabitants out. But as it was now late we did nothing more that night and lodged in a house which was so large that we were all very comfortable. At dawn our allies began to sack and burn the whole city except for the house where we were quartered, and they were so diligent in this that they destroyed a quarter of it."
Maybe this shows just how much control Cortes had of this huge army. They stayed there for six more days and the fighting continued. The Tlaxclalans 'fought beautifully' and, with the locals, while fighting  "...they argued... shouting insults and threats at each other, all of which was a remarkable sight." But, Cortes goes on, that while 'many of the enemy were killed', 'our people weren't endangered'. There was much resistance and verbal epithets that Cortes relates.
"Often they pretended to open a way for us, saying, "Come in, come in and enjoy yourselves!" or, at other times, "Do you think there is now another Mutezuma to do whatever you wish?""
He stopped at one point and asked a number 'in the middle of these exchanges' for quiet. They complied. He asked them "...if they were mad and wished to be destroyed." Then asked if there was a leader he could talk to. They said they all were, "...so I might say what I wished." Cortes said nothing, but one of his unnamed men spoke to them that they would die of hunger, "for we would not let them escape in search of food." The locals said they weren't hungry, had plenty of food, would eat them and the Tlaxcalans when they were hungry. Then they offered them bread. "Take these and eat them if you are hungry for we are not." It seems unlikely Malintzin was there for this encounter. But could even she be very useful in clearing up such blatant miscommunications?

Next in his narrative, Cortes begs off advancing. Explaining that since his motive was to talk and that was 'achieving nothing', he decided to 'return back to Texcoco,' to 'hasten the assembly of the brigantines', so as to be able to surround them on all sides. The sixth night they returned to Cuauhtitlan.
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quotes from The Third Letter from Hernán  Cortés: Letters From Mexico, translated, edited and with a new intro by Anthony Pagden, as a Yale Nota Bene book, Yale University Press, USA 2001


Sunday, April 26, 2015

Later news bits, April 2015

Spectacular photos from the Chilean volcano that erupted on Earth day 22 April.

Devestating 7.8 and 6.7 earthquakes in Nepal, the worst in 80 years, have killed at least 1800 with several villages destroyed and unaccounted for.

Reminding us there's no place like home.

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Tense days have come to Baltimore, Maryland as questions of the death of Freddie Gray last week have boiled over. After suffering a severed spine while in police custody the week before, many thousands of people came out in the streets for protests all week.
Here in front of the famed baseball field and market in Baltimore, at Camden Yards this evening some property damage occurred, with a dozen arrested.
People were marching in Johannesburg, South Africa from the slightly different angle of confronting xenophobia itself.

Powerful art from Canada last week.

Great street graffiti found in Kansas city, Missouri.

Saturday was St Mark's Day, and events were carried out and captured nicely in Venice, Italy.
The guardian asks for pictures of Cuba.

A picture of spring

Thursday, April 23, 2015

Battle of Villalar Ends Hopes For Castilian Liberation From Carlos V: April 23, 1521


The battle of Villalar in northern Spain is seen as a watershed event for the solidification of power of Carlos V.  The nobles and commons in Castile had long chafed under the the rule of either Ferdinand, his daughter Joanna or, her husband Philip of Burgundy. Too often the monarch was out of town and did not, could not or would not settle their grievances.

Meanwhile there were wars between the various houses, against the muslims, against the French, against the Italians and there was ever recurring plague. The young monarch Carlos who had come to accept his crown had done little to earn it, except be born of illustrious parents and survive to young adulthood. He had been raised in Bruges and had no knowledge of Spain or the Spanish language. How could he rule, and at such a young age?

Through the four to five years since the death of Ferdinand and the retreat of Joanna a number of uprisings had occurred. Toledo, Toro, Burgos, Avila, Salamanca, Madrid. Castile had already been heavily taxed by Joanna and when Carlos arrived he set his friends from the Burgund court at key positions who began trying to extract further levies. This boiled over into armed resistance. They petitioned their young king with a set of grievances which demanded their traditional civil liberties, the dismissal of foreign officials, a national Castilian policy and for him to live permanently in Castile. The young king was not ready for this. The comuneros turned to Joanna who sympathized with them even in writing. Carlos had appointed Adrian of Utrecht (future pope Adrian VI) to act in his interests. He advised that if Joanna would have her way and grant support to the comuneros it might irrevocably split the kingdom of Castile. She relented.

The Constable of Castile came south to attack the rebels. The leader of these Juan de Padillo waited too long to act. The result was a decisive blow. The leaders were captured and hung the next day. Young Carlos, the nobles would say, had a great victory that day.

A reenactment was filmed.

Dissension and Inheritance: Spanish Troubles in early 1500's

Formerly, the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 put them in line as monarchs of a putatively unified Spain. There was however, much contention along the way. The war with Portugal, the wars against (and the eventual expelling of) Muslims, the several wars between noble houses and the birth of the Inquisition underscore the turbulence of their rule.

Despite it all, by 1497 they seemed to have their legacy in place. Their children were married to secure heirs and the physical bounds of their dominion seemed secure. Within a few short years these efforts fell apart. Their son John died later that year and daughter Isabella the year after that and her son Miguel died in 1500. This left the daughter Joanna who had been marrried (1496) to Philip the Handsome of Burgundy, the sole Hapsburg son of Emperor Maximilian Archduke of Austria and Mary of Burgundy. Joanna spent the next several years in Brussels at the Burgund court where she gave birth to the future emperor Carlos and two future queens.

The entire court of Philip and Joanna returned to Madrid in 1502 and which was chronicled by Philip's chamberlain Antoine de Lalaing. It was there that Joanna officially received fealty from the Cortes, the legislative courts and local nobles of Castile and officially became heiress to be queen of Castile. Philip then left and Joanna stayed in Madrid giving birth to a son Ferdinand. He would become emperor following his brother Carlos. It was but a brief time later that her mother Isabella died in 1504 and Joanna was declared regent of Castile with her husband Philip as titular head. The Cortes were unhappy with this and so, the father Ferdinand tried to solidify his own rulership, even minting coins declaring Ferdinand and Joanna as co-rulers of Castile. But with the death of Isabella, Castile was feeling leaderless and troublesthere began again in earnest.

In 1505, Ferdinand took matters into hand persuading the Cortes that he would rule due to a sickness that Joanna suffered from. Ferdinand also had begun working on a pro-French policy. By marrying Germaine de Foix, a niece of French king Louis XII -and heiress to the province of neighboring Navarre - he hoped to produce a male heir that could assume control of Castile and Navarre and his legacy Aragon. Part of these negotiations included Louis ceding his claim on Naples to his niece Germaine de Foix. This was wrapped up in the Second Treaty of Blois in 1505 which also made a tentative peace in this second round of the Italian wars (1499-1503).

But the next year, when Ferdinand married Germaine, Philip of Burgundy and Joanna returned to Castile to find the locals up in arms. Tensions were high, Ferdinand capitulated to Philip and a treaty was signed. But suddenly in September, 1506, Philip died of fever. Plague following the wars, the desperate lack of funds, and suspicion of intrigue left Joanna almost powerless. Attempts by her confessor Archbishop Cisneros tried to calm things, but to no avail. When Ferdinand returned to Castile in 1507 there was a brief respite in the plague and Ferdinand was seen as healing the chaotic scene.

Joanna 's heir Carlos was six and lived in far off Flanders. Officially the crown of Castile at last would pass to Ferdinand. He would rule at a distance until his death in 1516. The years after his death would again be tumultuous.

In 1517 Carlos came to accept his crown in Castile. He heartily welcomed his widowed step-mother into his court and a year later she gave birth to a daughter Isabel. It is conjectured that she is their daughter. In 1519 they moved to Aragon where he was crowned and then they went to Brandenburg to marry her to a margrave Johann. She would return to help Carlos later.

Tuesday, April 21, 2015

Letter 18: Alessandra Strozzi Works From Afar: April 21, 1464

The young man Francesco di Sandro had been received in Naples but apparently was not to Filippo's liking. His family was poor and the youth had not the skills Filippo required. Alessandra's explanation is revealing.
"... I gather you've tested him since he came and you think that so far he knows very little about what to do in the business. It's true, and the person who brought him up is mainly to blame. His father is a good man and plausible, but he isn't really as he seems. I know him better now, because since I made friends withe the boy I've made myself useful by arranging a marriage for one of his daughters, by advising the relations of the man who was marrying her, so that the match was made. It turns out he's not really the sort of man I thought he was, and his wife is better than he is. They have a large family and little money so they're forced to bring them up in rather a rough way. Still you should apply yourself [to helping Francesco], and Andrea is there and can show him what to do; as he isn't stupid he'll learn. May God hold this in our favor."
Alessandra had changed her mind about the flax sent home by Filippo. It now seemed a good idea to her. More deaths by plague locally, as well as in Naples, brought forth this mother's fears.
"Lorenzo's daughter [Marietta Strozzi] is still here but I haven't heard anything else about it. She's waiting here for her mother. The plague's a great inconvenience for girls because hardly any marriages are being arranged here. I see there's also some fear of an outbreak there and that some people have died from it already. This has upset me very much, more than the fact that it's here, and I'll go on being afraid of it. I do beg you as much as I can to be wise enough to watch out for it; don't wait until it boils over before you leave. Do be one of the first to go, and remember that everyone who's died in our family has gone of this disease, right up to my son Matteo. So keep this in mind."

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translated by Heather Gregory: Selected Letters of Alessandra Strozzi : Bilingual Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997

Goods Sold, Transferred; The Idea of the Map, 1490

One of the necessary means of asserting control over a territory for a future thinking prince or duke in the renaissance era was in knowing one's limits. Specifically, how big was this region? Who could be included as the inhabitants? Who, and crucially, where exactly were the neighbors? People who travelled frequently, often kept to their own charts and methods. But as houses and duchies and cities grew larger into broader territorial concerns, and universal knowledge of far off - or even nearby - places became more important, a handy repository of such collected information became necessary.

Books were good and could even maintain contact information as well as prices, official's titles who handled business, and all other manner of data. But there were so many places. Some of them, like those that sold pepper and other spices were also very far away. So far away, that not many had actually been there. There were as well, so many places in between that, in fact, it was hard to find someone who merely may have met anyone who had been there. Information on these places was scarce and unverifiable and it could take years, if word or a person were sent, before they came back. Even first hand knowledge could be very vague and unspecific, or just wrong.

The proliferation of books at the very least revealed a thirst for accurate information. Similarly, a quest for maps and mapmakers spread through Europe. Thomas A Brady tells us that 'an administrative transformation' was occurring in German lands which took up legal methods, admisinistrative processes, scholastic rigor and accurate accountancy methods to further state efficiency and strength. [p. 100] They even begin to send out mapmakers across the countryside to accurately pinpoint whose land was who's. Maps in the cities were being drawn up, districts were being named, and the science of cartography had new purpose.

An example of a very famous map is shown in Lisa Jardine's Worldly Goods, her take on the intersections that resulted from (and that were gleaned through) the products of commerce in those times. The 'city fathers of Nuremburg' commissioned a map as 'part of a plan to extend trade along the west African coast'. Everyone was focused on the east and the spices that came from there: pepper, cloves, nutmeg, myrrh and frankincense. This trade that extended eastward had existed for centuries. Venice had caravans that went twice a year to Alexandria, and Genoa and Venice still had ports on the Black Sea. But there were enterprising groups in Portugal, Spain and German and Dutch lands that yearned to find a way to cut out the traditional middle men.

It was a bit of 'German commercial sponsorship' to help propel 'German trading involvement' that led to the hiring of one Martin Behaim of Nuremburg to craft a new kind of map. He had the highest rated technical skill having been taught by Regiomontanus a unique teacher. In 1490, Georg Holzschuher a Nuremburg merchant approached Marin Behaim to construct a 'terrestrial globe':
"... detailing the commodities and the nature of the business opportunities at various key commercial locations in the world. The long legend... carefully itemized the cumulative customs duties incurred by the spice trade. It gave a meticulous account of the nature of the duties currently payable at each exchange point in the long chain of transactions preceding the spices' arrival in Europe." [p. 296]

It said they collected and bought them in Java Minor, took them to 'Seilan or Ceylon' where they were unloaded, charged customs and sold again to Aurea Chersonesus. There they were charged customs, sold to Taprobana, charged customs, bought and taken to Aden, unloaded and charged customs there again. In Aden, merchants from Cairo bought them and took them north. There they were bought by Venice, brought home and sold there to Germans who paid customs and fees. This would happen again in Frankfurt, Bruges, and again in France and England. They claimed that these customs duties amounted to a pound for every ten in every exchange along the way leaving the retail price for spice 'as much as that for gold.'

The merchants approached future Emperor Maximilian in 1492 for money to fund the search for a new route. Jardine says the notion didn't suit his' temperament' and that he wasn't inclined to 'speculate in trade' but passed word of the idea on to the Portuguese king as well as a letter of reccomendation for Martin Behaim. They could set out from the Azores and explore. But Portugal's interest lay south along the coast of Africa, not west. So Behaim worked in Lisbon. It was the globe made and credited to him that was taken by Magellan in 1519.
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Jardine, Lisa: Worldly Goods: a new history of the Renaissance; Bantam Doubleday Dell; London 1996

Saturday, April 18, 2015

Catching Up With Cortes, spring 1521

After the ignominious retreat of Cortes and his remaining men, the many months staying with the still allied Tlaxcalans, after the waves of small pox that had decimated the incalculably huge number of locals, in the spring of 1521, Cortes was convinced he had to strike.

There had been many who needed to recuperate from wounds and sicknesses that also spread among the Europeans. Cortes himself had a couple fingers of his left hand chopped off in order to stop grangrene.  The overall size of his European forces had increased with all of the men who had arrived with Narvaez and come over to his command. But many of those had perished during the Night of Sorrows when they had retreated from the great city.  With so much disaster - and the small pox continuing to heavily plague their allies - a few things became crucial to moving forward.

A fleet of seven ships had been sighted on the coast. One of these was sent from Cortes' father bearing men and arms and food and wine. Three more ships would arrive in the spring of 1521. Another crucial thing was the local allies and how quickly the Tlaxcalans learned to help build ships - Cortes called them brigantines - for the siege inland on the great city. The other crucial thing was the supply chain of allies that led back to Vera Cruz and the eastern coast that allowed the relatively free movement of information and eventually goods and men and arms from the coast. Without any of these, the plan to move ahead and try to take the city would very likely fall through. The arrival of more ships in the spring must have been especially heartening.


Wednesday, April 15, 2015

news mid April, 2015; some heroes

Greek Minister Yanis Varoufakis will meet with ECB and US economic heads this week.

CIA head John Brennan says world will likely see a loss of nation-state power over coming decades.

A brief look at the complicated relationship between US and new Iraqi prime minister Haider al-Abadi in the Wahington Post.

These comedians tell what's happening in the middle east region from an 'Egyptian' point of view.

Some other heroes these last few weeks. Because we need them.
A reenactment and multimedia presentation about Lincoln's life and last night was put on. Amazing simulcast both real and virtual, inside and outside the theater of many aspects of all the proceedings, made many who witnessed it overcome with emotion.

View of the vigil outside Ford's Theater in Washington, DC, April 14, 2015 where President Abraham Lincoln was shot 150 years before.
Here's a picture of WWII era Princess Elizabeth, posing before the vehicles she used to maintain in England as her service duty. Once she was a car mechanic and now she is Queen, and a great-grandmother.
This guy took a video of a cop in North Charleston, South Carolina as the cop shot and killed a man named Walter Scott. The article linked tells how he shot the video of what is being called a homicide case.
A bust of Edward Snowden was put up on top of a WWII memorial in Brooklyn last week. Taken down within a few hours, a hologram replaced it the next day.
Amazing hologram of protesters in Madrid, Spain to get around gag law that wants to prevent protests against ammendments to the penal code and the new anti-terror laws.
______________________________________________________________________________ Legendary blues guitar player BB King was hospitalized last week but is feeling better:



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In completely unrelated news, the Black Rhino is extinct:

Also, a bit of the earliest history of Wall Street in New York will be memorialized.


Andrea Gritti's First Election: Sanudo Diaries: April 3, 1502; 4:254

Early in April 1502, Andrea Gritti had been elected as a 'councillor for the sestiere of Santa Croce on the far side of the Grand Canal'.  A sestiere was then and remains today the same well-defined physical district in the city of Venice. Councillors were elected to advise the doge on aspects of the city. Sanudo describes it perfectly.
Sanudo Diaries: April 3, 1502; (4:254); "The new councillors from the far side of the Grand Canal were elected. Ser Andrea Gritti, recently returned from Constantinople, won by the scrutinio."
The scrutinio as our Editors define it was a "... vote in the Senate whereby a candidate was nominated from the floor to be voted on alongside those nominated in the Great Council by a group of committees - usually four - chosen by lot. The Senate candidate had the advantage of a block of votes and support of distinguished patricians."

It was Gritti's first elected post and came after returning to the city following imprisonment and intrigue in Constantinople during one of the intermittent wars with the Ottomans.
Sanudo Diaries: (con't); "It is the first elected office he has held in this Republic; nor was he on any earlier ballots, except that the other day in the Senate he was nominated to be a savio de Terraferma but lost, being short of votes. This ser Andrea Gritti will be a worthy citizen, because he has every good quality. First, he is handsome, generous, well-spoken, etc,; one could even say that "his worth is more pleasing because it appears in a handsome body.""
This, the Editors tells us [footnote 13, p 235], intentionally follows the Vergil line
'Gratior es pulchro veniens in corpore virtus'  in Aeneid 5:344.

The reference in Vergil describes Euryalus, the Trojan son of Opheltes, beloved of Nisus, Trojan son of Hyrtacus. For funeral games - occurring after funeral, sacrifices there were games, including a boat race - Nisus slipped and fell in a race and had just knocked aside a competitor so that his favcorite Euryalus could win first prize.

Sanudo Diaries: (con't); "He [Gritti] was elected in recognition of his merits, in that to warn his homeland, he wrote letters to Constantinople, giving information to our Signoria of the events and the actual preparation of a fleet the Turks were undertaking. His letters were found, so he was in danger of having his head cut off."
Editor's note: "Translation based on J.C. Davis 1974, 106."

And,
"Gritti's political rise ... was quite spectacular, it was not unique. J.C. Davis points out that of the thirty-six doges elected between 1300 and 1550, fourteen were known to be merchants, nine probably were not, and thirteen may or may not have been, although the likelihood is that they were and that it was so unremarkable a pursuit that it went unmentioned, whereas governmental honors were always mentioned. 1974, 98."

And from their bibliography:
Davis, James Cushman, 1974. Shipping and spying in the career of a Venetian doge, 1496-1502. Studi Veniziani 16:97-108.

A later picture of Andrea Gritti appears excerpted in this translation of Sanudo during the Feast of San Marco, when Gritti was doge.
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All above quotes from pp 234-5:  Venice, Cita Excellentissima, Selection from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo translated by Linda L Carroll,  editors: Patricia H LaBalme and Laura Sanguineti White, published by Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008

Monday, April 13, 2015

nice views and news bits April 13, 2015


At the court of the Gonzaga, Andrea Mantegna 1471

Not sure where this is but it's beautiful.
View of Switzerland:

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An historic meeting between US and Cuban presidents was big news recently.
Also in big news is the multilateral, multi-country agreed framework for a deal with Iran to forego its nuclear research in exchange for the lifting of decades-old economic sanctions. In Iran and the US there are two very opposed factions to this deal.
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Apparently, Russian president Vladimir Putin is trying to entice Greece in leaving the European Union which could send Europe into an economic downturn, but also free it from crushing austerity policies imposed by the same EU.
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As California in the US suffers record droughts, some have taken to privatizing natural resources.
A nice flower shaded street in Greece:

Tuesday, April 7, 2015

Letter 17: From Alessandra Strozzi to Filippo Strozzi, News In Florence: April 7, 1464

The following letter excerpt from mother to son reveals more still of the extent that she would go to accept her far off son's apparent premarital behaviour. She even lays out a course where he might be able to advance his own education. If he were able to see it as such. Filippo was thirty-five years old and a successful unmarried banker who had taken a slave as a mistress, named Marina. A couple youths of the family had arrived, one Francesco in Naples, and one Tommaso in Florence.

Our translator and editor here Heather Gregory, tells us that Tommaso Ginori was a nephew of Niccolo Strozzi and an employee of Filippo there in Naples at this time. He had gone to Florence and visited Alessandra for Easter, 1464. He had spokne with her about the affairs of Filippo and she felt motivated to tell him what she thought in this candid way.
"Tommaso ... came on Easter Day and told me ... about Marina and how well she looks after you. Hearing such things I find it easy to understand why you want to put off getting married for a year and why they're so slow at finding you a wife. You behave like a man who wants to put off dying or paying his debts for as long as he can. At the moment you've only got one woman in the house and you're well looked after, but when you get married there'll be lots of them and you wonder how you'll get on. So it seems to me you're wise to take your time, as you must make up your mind eventually. I talked to Tommaso about several things which I've had on my mind, but I don't know what will come of it."

How would he prepare to provide for a house full of women?  Amply, as it turns out. Alessandra turns to the news again. There was plague, nearby, but not for 'the well to do'. She asks about the money sent to Niccolo and the spectacles sent for a friend of Filippo. A marriage of a Strozzi daughter to a d'Medici banker who had just returned to Florence seems unlikely. A shipwreck off Flanders [today's Holland] where many people and goods were lost was news in Florence. News that Alessandra thought would be news in Naples, as well. Expecting Lorenzo Strozzi to arrive by sea at some future point, she wishes his safe arrival.
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translated with notes by Heather Gregory: Selected Letters of Alessandra Strozzi : Bilingual Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997

Sunday, April 5, 2015

Letter 16: From Alessandra to Filippo (Con't): Money & Glasses, March 1464

Alessanadra Strozzi continues her letter and gives an example of what she thought about money to her son Filippo. Two pieces of land had been sold, she said, and the receipt of the money was sent to his father's cousin Niccolo Strozzi, in Rome, whom Filippo had over the years worked for in both Naples and Bruges.

"It is the 23rd [of March] now, and your letter of the 10th has arrived. I will answer as I need to. You heard about the sale of the two pieces of land and about the money I sent back to Niccolo: well today I've heard a letter from Rome saying that he'll do whatever you want with the money, and Niccolo says he's already written to you about it. You say I don't have to make excuses for taking whatever money I need but that I should spend it more usefully. To which I say that I wrote to you at the very least to give you something to read, but in particular to tell you what I wanted to do with the money, so you wouldn't think I'd spent it on something else. I want you to know that if I die I won't have any cash in my coffers, because I will have spent it on my soul instead, which is the most useful thing I have. I'm careful not to spend money badly or uselessly, so there's nothing else to be said about it. I'll go on doing what I think is best, both for me and you."
She also tells him, according to our translator and editor here Heather Greggory, that she's glad Filippo carried out the terms of his brother and, her son's will, that she is expecting a delivery of flax sent by him and that spectacles had been bought and were to be sent to him.
"They bought the spectacles today, and they're sending them to you in Rome by the servant who takes Niccolo Strozzi's letters, so do be sure to collect them. Nothing else occurs to me for now. Do keep me in your thoughts; may God keep you from all harm. From your Alessandra Strozzi in Florence."
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translated with notes by Heather Gregory: Selected Letters of Alessandra Strozzi : Bilingual Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997

Delenda Intra Multis Partibus: Looking Toward What Worked

It was a process. The breaking up and then, the putting together. It didn't happen all at once or start in one place and spread from there to all other places. It wasn't seen as the only solution for the already centuries old problem of partible inheritance , or the most effective. Until later. There was a lot of bloodshed, betrayal and even brother against brother, slowing down the process. But it did happen and the process did spread. A mix of military and legal struggles brought about eventual leaders, some to certain places before others.The eventual leaders of consequence ended up accepting literate burghers who could run districts. Inherited custom, local tradition, land, and religious focus was changed into established legal bodies, practices, and territorial statutes codified in halls of state.

In German lands, as Thomas A. Brady explains it, the partition of inherited lands had become a problem. In Bavaria it was first corrected in 1504 by a bloody war. There, Duke Albert IV "gained his estate's consent to the rule of primogeniture" as first born son of his family. The Habsburgs had partitioned themselves again and again but did so for a last time in 1564. In Brunswick the Welf dynasties split their inherited lands twelve times from 1202 to 1495. The Saxon partition of 1485 left two relatively weak states to rule over their huge population and formerly profitable mining industry. The lands of Baden and Nassau underwent similar partitions that resulted in weaker states.

"Declaring a dynasty's lands indivisible did not in itself transform patrimonial holdings - partible bundles of rights, incomes, immunities, and jurisdictions - into a unified territorial state. The decisive step was the prince's assertion of his right to legislate, to make law rather than simply to enforce it, and to do so uniformly for all of his lands, regardless of their local traditions." [p. 100]

Again, the process was slow and far from universal. But, as regions and locales came to recognize both the problems - of security, of jurisdiction, and of the traditions of inheritance - happening around them, and the effects of the various solutions, they could see what worked and didn't. This gradual awareness and the proliferation of books, as well as the literate professional, the book trade and awareness growing in the numerous seats of learning in cities, gave rise to an even more greater desire to learn more and try more in new ways. Economics, and a wish to escape from the hazards of want and poverty, even in or despite times of war, drove people as well.

'Good governance'  or gute Policey was the term Brady says appeared by 1500 to describe new regulating statutes. From export restrictions to dress-codes, beer brewing standards to day-laborer and servant wages, new laws could even try to restrict gambling. First these had to combat local tradition and culture, but in time Brady asserts, they came, in the sheer 'aggregate weight of territorial statutes', to influence Imperial policy. A groundswelling of changing norms that the Emperors had to respond to.

Certain laws targeted apprentices, journeymen, servants, day-laborers, even beggars. Anybody who wasn't already devoted to a church or secular master or, like travellers, were independent and whose status to a local authority could be questioned, could only be regulated by new laws. But again, this process was slow and continually changed from place to place.  The norm that was sill understood was one where many differnt polities could have numerous kinds of authority: city, church, bishop, duke or emperor.

The new codification came with new models from the top down. The prince or noble or bishop or duke had a literate assistant support him in all matters. The growing importance of this post grew into cadres of individuals learned in things from mapmaking to accounting. One had to know who controlled what and what could be counted and tallied. and records needed to be kept.The legal prosecutors grew in number but also diplomats as well as the record-keeping chancellors. By the mid-sixteenth century Brady says, burghers from the cities came to fill these sorts of posts in the new growing bureaucracy.

In due time, these became the new indispensable wings of the new territorial state. The obstacles of these were many and would not grow at the same pace everywhere. But while in 1400, Germany may have had one lawyer Jan Vener trained in Bologna in both canon and civil law, 'by 1500, a university-trained jurist was the most important officer' in every regime. More and more the collective memory of a territorial state, housed in the ever-growing archives of records and laws, became greater in importance for a state's decisions than even the noble prince or titular head. "Institutions give governance memory." [p.102]

The process was long, but crucially in a few decades a few of the most notable regimes made necessary transitions in that direction and then many more followed suit. Maximilian made organizational reforms that followed Burgundian models with Treasury, Chancery and Judicial branches. Bavaria had written laws based on Roman models by 1520, while Baden began chancery restrictions in 1504 and set up a central court in 1509.
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quotes and pagination from: Thomas A Brady Jr: German Histories in The Age of Reformations, 1400-1650;  University of California, Berkeley for the Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2009

Saturday, April 4, 2015

news bits: early spring sightings, 2015

The cherry trees blossom in Tokyo:

A snapshot of a school in Kobane, Syria after weeks of heavy fighting there:
These Ukrainian Easter Eggs symbolize resurrection:


High tide at St Michel, France:
Pope Francis is hopeful over deal with Iran at Easter speech.


An early spring aurora seen from space over North America:
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High Hopes